Thursday, October 31, 2019

Pan European Fish Auctions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Pan European Fish Auctions - Case Study Example PEFA's system is an electronically based system that uses client/server architecture, whereby, the suppliers/sellers are connected to the system through the Intranet, while the buyers connect to the system using the internet. Online auctioning has revealed several advantages over the period of time that were just not possible with the conventional on-site auctioning; this is the reason why online auctions are probably the most renowned form of e-commerce in the present day world. On-line auctioning has been a tremendous interactive opportunity for both buyers and sellers, communicating with each other at their respective ease. Some of the advantages to the sellers and the buyers are mentioned as below: 1. One of the major advantages of online auctioning is its allowance to the fishermen, or any seller for that matter, to address a huge and diversified range of customers. Internet reaches the globe, thus anything on the internet is globally accessed, so the reach is beyond the localities. 7. There is lesser cost of selling associated i.e. ... 3. There is immense demand for fishes in the southern part of Europe, while major supply is in the north, so it's an opportunity for the suppliers to meet the customers and directly sell to them. 4. This also gives birth to the phenomenon of disintermediation, whereby, intermediaries are eliminated, again giving birth to increased margins and yet consumer friendly prices. 5. In online bidding, with huge number of buyers, the bidding is quite competitive, with lesser chances of customers forming a cartel or anything of similar sort so the customer is at advantage. 6. The time to the market, often referred to as the Lead time, is reduced, which keeps the fishes fresh in turn increasing its worth and value. 7. There is lesser cost of selling associated i.e. just 0.2%. As mentioned in the case example, the commission of auction house on $93 is $7, which is approximately 7.52%, while in online auction; it would be $0.18 only. 8. There are some small ports that are not able to generate enough value and are often overlooked. Through online auctioning, these ports and their respective sellers also gain access to a competitive market. 9. There is buyer authentication in terms of security deposits. Advantages to Buyers 1. Online auction gives buyers more options to buy from by providing more and more information on what is available at the auction and at which ports. 2. The buyers have access to the bid placement at all times i.e. 24/7, which allows buyers from different time zones to also interact. 3. The lesser transaction cost reduced time for transaction, literally within seconds, attracts buyers more than anything because time is precious. 4. Online Auction

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Victorian Period Literature Essay Example for Free

Victorian Period Literature Essay The Victorian spirit, and 4 representative poems (50 pts.) The Victorian spirit is the change from the idleness of the admiration of natural things to the movement and excitement of innovation and change itself. It has turned from the love makes the world go round ideal of the Romantics to a tell it like it is attitude. While the Victorian spirit moves to new explorations and energies from what was traditional submission by women, dominance of men, and the focus on reaching an Ideal World through the beauty of nature it maintains many aspects of the Romantic period that it is trying to escape. C. Rossettis No, Thank You, John In Rossettis No, Thank You, John, the speaker is a woman who is refusing the advances of a man John. The woman has a mind of her own, and she does not need a man in her life. She does not conform to the traditional role of a woman, which includes servitude and subordination. The woman is not afraid to express her true feelings to John here, where in a previous time, a woman would have jumped at the chance to be some guys trophy. The woman in this poem portrays the Victorian characteristic of exploration in a sense. She is exploring life as a single woman instead of sacrificing herself and giving in to a man that she cares very little about. A. C. Swinburnes A Forsaken Garden In Swinburnes A Forsaken Garden, we see a reference of the Romantic past linked with the Victorian present. The garden was once filled with beautiful flowers, bushes, trees, and lovers who sat in the garden to admire all of the beauty. Just as the garden was filled with these things, so was the poetry of the Romantics. Since the Victorian spirit is about laboring and being on the go, one has had neither the time nor the desire to care for the garden. As a result, the garden has become a ground filled with weeds, thorns, and withered, dying, and dead flora. Just as the Romantic period and all of its ideals were at this time, Love was dead (line 48). O. Wildes Impression du Matin Wildes Impression du Matin somewhat describes the transition from the Romantic period to the Victorian period and the grand contrast between the two periods. The first eight lines describe a landscape, as do many of the Romantic poems. Just like the Victorians were anxious to change the pattern that the Romantics had set, this poem shifts its focus from the beauty of the land to the hustle and bustle that is the Victorian spirit, fueled by the Industrial Revolution. O. Wildes The Harlots House Wildes The Harlots House can be related to John Ruskins The Stones of Venice. Ruskin talks about people becoming tools in the Industrial Revolution, performing the same monotonous tasks over and over again so that the process is almost mechanical. In The Harlots House, the people have become tools not of industrialism, but of artistry. They dance because the music is playing, and their movements seem to be controlled by some stronghold instead of being free and from the heart. The energy characteristic of the Victorian period and the Victorian spirit are lost inside the house. The lover of the speaker even loses her own energy while listening to the music and watching the people inside the house. At the same time, she goes inside the house to fulfill the Victorian characteristic of exploration she is going to explore and participate in something new and different. Brownings dramatic monologues and their ironic discrepancy (30 pts.) In Andrea del Sarto, Andrea attempts to paint the picture that he is one of the worlds greatest artists with a wonderful, beautiful, loving wife. Dose of reality: his work is only mediocre, his marriage fell apart a while ago, and his wife is cheating on him, which he is aware of and seems to be okay with. Andrea believes that his work would be even greater if he was a single man (lines 135-136). He comes to realize that he will never be the great artist that he claims to be, but that will not stop him from striving to beall that he can be (lines 97-98). Andrea is somewhat indecisive. He asks himself what good is having a woman around if his work suffers because of it, but he is glad to have his wife (line 176) and would do almost anything to keep her around (lines 222-223). Either he wants to get rid of her in order to become, in his mind, a better artist, or he wants to keep her around and work out their marital differences. The latter probably would not happen since Lucrezia already has another lover. She is bored with Andrea because he cant seem to stop talking about art and because their relationship is both emotionally and physically sterile. For some reason, Andrea just doesnt get it, and he continues to wonder why Lucrezia goes to her lover instead of staying with him (lines 242-243). Finally he lets her be free to go with her lover and at the same time he lets go of his obsession with her (capitalization of Love, line 267). In Fra Lippo Lippi, the illusion is that Lippo is spiritual in the tradition of the monastery he believes in and acts according to everything that he was taught by the monks. Lippos reality is that he wants to fully enjoy life, and one cannot truly be spiritual without embracing physical beauty and pleasure. Lippo does what he does not believe is complete so that the monks will be happy (lines 242-244). This upsets him and leads him to do things out of spite that go against the teachings that he has received from the monks (lines 252-254). Lippo sees himself more as an artist than a monk, and since God gave us bodies to house our souls (lines 265-269), the body has to be portrayed in art so that the soul can be seen in its fullness. We were given bodies for physical satisfaction; if no one finds the physical attractive, then no one will want to know what the soul is like. Encasing the spiritual soul in the physical body is how life and God are fully experienced (lines 300-306). In The Bishop Orders His Tomb, the Bishop does not believe that he has lived as he should. He has not done his work as a clergyman to be active in making meaningful differences in peoples lives although his devotion seems to be to the church. While the Bishops illusion is one of humility, humbleness, and faithfulness, his reality is very secular materialism, vanity, and sexuality. He has an unhealthy obsessive desire to beat or  out-do his old rival Gandolf, even in death. His concern is with his material possessions in both life and death being better than Gandolfs in life and death, as if this will make him a better person somehow. The Bishop is also either incredibly indecisive or very confused. He doesnt even know what he wants his tomb to be made out of. He changes his mind from rosy peach marble (lines 29-30), to lapis lazuli (lines 42-44), to black basalt (lines 53-54), to jasper (lines 68-72), and back to lapis (line 102). He also asks himself the question Do I live, am I dead? a few times, which could be a reference to a spiritual death. The Bishops sexual nature comes through when instead of wishing for his sons to be monogamous with God-fearing women who have inner and outer beauty, his concern is on the physical (line 75). Even the holy image of the Madonna is not safe from the Bishops corrupted mind. In describing how blue the lapis lazuli should be for his tomb, he does not compare it to eye color or the color of an article of clothing. Instead he says that the lapis should be Blue as a vein oer the Madonnas breast (line 75). Review: Rudyard Kiplings Without Benefit of Clergy (10 pts.) Kiplings Without Benefit of Clergy is the story of two lovers, an Englishman and an Indian woman. Interracial relationships of this type were practically unheard of during this time period, which is why John Holden and Ameera were never married. This story is a wonderful one of love, shown by the relationship between Holden and Ameera and the relationship that the two of them have with their son Tota tragedy, exhibited by the sudden deaths of Tota and Ameera and greed, displayed by Ameeras mother, who seemed to care more about the benefits of her daughters relationship with a white man than she cared about her daughter. Throughout the story, Holden shows his emotions reluctantly unless he is speaking lovingly to Ameera. It is interestingly beautiful how he calls her his queen and she calls him her king, and they call each other life of my life. The words themselves are beautiful in any relationship, but it is interesting because at one point Holden wished for the death of Ameera, their type of relationship was practically seen as a disgrace anyway, andHolden seemed to be somewhat ashamed of his relationship with Ameera when he was away from her. He never spoke of her while in the presence of other Englishmen, he never mentions or defends his relationship when those Englishmen say that he is lucky to be a bachelor and not have the burden of a wife, and he never mentions his son. It took Holden a while to get used to the idea of having and loving a son. It was with that same type of reluctance that he grieved for Tota when the boy died. It seemed as if he did not want to allow Ameera to grieve in her own way for her son. He was correct in his attempts to keep her from blaming herself for Totas death, but how on earth could anyone, especially the love of her life, tell a grieving mother to let it go? Only when Ameera dies does Holden express his emotions openly and immediately. He even chastises Ameeras mother in his grief. He now realizes how difficult it is to just let it go when you have lost someone that you love so much. Ameera was full of emotion throughout the story. At the same time she was very submissive, as probably was the culture in India at the time. Even in grieving for her son, she did not try to feel better until she knew that Holden had become more content. Because she was an Indian woman in love with an Englishman, she felt the need to seek reassurance about his love for her almost constantly at least, until their son was born. Then, Ameera knew that she and Holden shared a bond that could never be broken because she had given him something that her English counterparts could never give him his firstborn son. I think that Ameera was very dependent on Holden. While it may appear that she called Holden my life in a loving and endearing way, under the surface it is almost as if she seems to say that she cannot exist without his love and his physical presence. When Holden tries to send Ameera away, out of the path of the black cholera, that is when she grows a little bit of a backbone. She reminds him that he is not her husband, and he cannot tell her what to do. Almost as suddenly as she exhibited her temporary independence did her insecurity about Holden and the English women return. Only on her deathbed does she accept the possibility of Holden marrying a white woman, and she declares that he is the only God in her life. Nonsense Poetry (10 pts.) A Limerick There was a Young Lady of class Who created a stair made of glass, Then formed a connection With her own reflection In that little stair made of glass. Another Limerick There once was a village idiot Who liked to touch womens ends a bit. He pinched the wrong booty, Then came Big Rudy, And no more is the village idiot! The Stag and the Doe The stag and his doe went all through the forest Frolicking happily with glee, When the stag got a whirl to say to his girl, Id love it if youd marry me. The doe, with bright eyes, said, Id be much obliged to become your faithful and loving wife. With that they didnt tarry and soon went to marry and begin a family life. Its honeymoon time for the newlyweds now, and they are both filled with great joy. But now the stag cries, for to his surprise, His doe is not a girl, but a boy. Extra Credit (up to 5 pts.) I enjoyed the Victorian period texts. The vast majority of them were very long, but it helped me to be more devoted to the reading. The Victorian period seemed to be a very artistic time for both literary art and paintings/drawings. It seemed to me that there was a central theme that drove most of the conflicts in the Victorian literature remnants of the Romantic period. The Romantic period, for the most part, discussed spirituality as a result of a love for and an understanding of nature. The period attempted to instruct people on how to obtain and fully experience spirituality without very much physicality so that the Ideal World could be reached. In the Victorian period, the body and the spirit are one. In order to truly experience one, you have to fulfill the other. The Victorians mostly concentrated on their work and creations, not ideal escapes.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Market Feasibility Study For Tsingtao Beer

Market Feasibility Study For Tsingtao Beer Tsingtao Brewery was founded in 1903 by German and British settlers in Qing Dao city, China. Until 1916, it was owned by The Anglo-German Brewery Co. Ltd, after which it became nationalized as a state-owned enterprise in 1949. The company was later privatized through a merger with 3 other breweries and was called Tsingtao Brewery Company Limited. Though the Tsingtao brand has the legacy of a German brewery, it is regarded as a symbol of Chinese heritage, and is currently the second largest brewer by volume in China with around 50 beer plants and three malting mills in 18 provinces and cities across China. Tsingtao is a lager brand that enjoys national distribution coverage and is touted as the National Beer in China. Tsingtao beer is made from 100% natural ingredients with no artificial colourings, flavouring, or preservatives used in the beer. Its brand portfolio consists of the Tsingtao beer (flagship brew), Tsingtao Pure Draft, Tsingtao Dark Beer, Tsingtao Green Beer, and Tsingtao Stout. Tsingtao adopts a bilateral business strategy, wherein it has been targeting Generation Y in order to build its brand awareness and strengthen its brand associations. It has also been making efforts to grow internationally through business agreements and acquisitions. Tsingtaos main target market is youth aged between 21-34, who are sporty and passionate about achieving their dreams. Tsingtao beers are known to have a light smooth taste and thus can be appealing to the younger generation who mostly prefer alcoholic beverages that can be consumed on the go. However, though a leading beer brand in China, Tsingtao has low brand awareness internationally, and therefore, its growth in the international market has been rather sluggish over the past few years. Singapore Market Overview Singapore is a leader in international tourism in Asia and is one of the fastest growing cities in the world. Thus, it is the destination with the maximum potential for growth. Among the ASEAN countries, Singapore is strategically located and has a well-developed economy, an open environment that encourages foreign investments, and a climate for beer consumption throughout the year. Singapore is ranked as the top country for ease of doing business in. Singapore not only facilitates good returns on investments, but also has good infrastructure provisions, thereby making the introduction of Tsingtao beer in Singapore a viable option for the company. Beer Industry in Singapore The increasing popularity of social drinking in Singapore has boosted the growth of beer products, which has resulted in a 7% volume growth of beer consumption. With the government easing the licensing policies to sell alcohol at pubs, bars, and restaurants, the beer consumption trend has increased over time. Also, the consumption of beer has increased at home gatherings and social events. The increasing number of tourists together with the unveiling of casinos and new entertainment outlets has also boosted consumer spending on alcoholic drinks such as beer. A recent Euromonitor research report states that in the past few years, lager beer accounted for the bulk of beer sales in Singapore. Specifically, imported premium lager and imported standard lager continue to drive volume growth in beer. With increasing willingness of Singaporeans to spend more, consumers are spending on higher quality products, and therefore, there is a huge demand for premium lager beer. The outlets that serve premium lager beers are most often frequented by tourists, who in turn are highly likely to purchase them. The report also states that the key consumers of beer in Singapore tend to be working adults of different ages. However, it has also been observed that an increasing number of young adults and women are participating in social drinking and in the consumption of beer. This is especially true for lager, which is lighter than other alcoholic drinks and hence is more palatable. Competition in Singapore Singapore beer market is dominated by Asia Pacific Breweries (APB), mainly due to the overwhelming popularity of its brand, Tiger Beer. APB has a market share of 68.7% with Tiger beer constituting nearly 40.9% market share of APB. Other major brands include Carlsberg and Heineken. Tiger Beer: Tiger beer is the market leader in Singapore. It is a local brand with a very strong brand presence. Its superior distribution network with retail outlets, convenience stores, supermarkets, and pubs, can prove to be difficult competition for Tsingtao. Carlsberg: Carlsberg is the second most popular beer brand in Singapore and is available under various brand labels. Carlsberg Green Label, the flagship product, is the leading international premium lager beer in Singapore. Being a European beer, Carlsberg has a positive brand image associated with it. Heineken: Heineken is the flagship product of the company and is brewed locally in Singapore by APB. The key factors of competition with the Heineken brand include strong distribution network across food beverage, retail, and entertainment outlets in Singapore, a positive brand image as an international premium lager, and a superior brand presence and perception as a global brand. Prospects in Singapore With the continuous expansion of the social drinking scene in Singapore, beer is projected to see steady growth in the future. The recent Euromonitor report estimates a total volume compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4% for beer in Singapore. However, the report also states that as the market is reaching maturity, the forecast total volume growth is projected to slow down over the years. Due to its wider appeal, lager is expected to drive the bulk of beer sales in Singapore. In their purchasing of beer products, Singaporeans are largely driven by brand image, and therefore new product launches by major well-known brands are expected to do well. Investing in advertising and promotions is predicted to improve the consumption of such products. Owing to the huge growth potential for beer consumption, especially for lager beer, it would be the right move for Tsingtao to enter the Singapore market. However, with Singaporeans perceiving Chinese products to be inferior, both in terms of quality and hygiene, there is a possibility of a negative brand perception being associated with Tsingtao. With proper promotion and advertising, this mindset of consumers can be changed. Critical Success Factors The beer industry is changing constantly in the Singapore market. Mergers and acquisitions have decreased the number of brewers, but the varieties of beer have increased. The major brewers have the resources to compete in nearly all facets of the industry. Moreover, as beer is a substitutable product, customer loyalty keeps shifting. With these dynamics, if Tsingtao has to enter the Singapore market, it must focus on the following factors: Offering huge variety, both in terms of flavors and categories Consumers preferences have become more sophisticated and they look for unique tastes in beer, wine and other spirits. Books, internet, and magazines have contributed to the increasing popularity of beer as beer drinkers choose to find out and learn more about the brewing process. The beer addict is now aware of the type of beer that pairs well with a particular type of food. Seasonal flavors cater to the unique tastes and add to the charm of specialty beer. Building good relationships with distributors and networking With so many brands and varieties of beer available today, the relationship with the distributor is very important to gain access to the market. The distributors have a good understanding of the products and know which products sell quickly, thus ensuring that such products are always available to the consumers. Therefore, their acceptance of the product is a critical factor in the products success. Once the relationship with the distributors is established, the sales representatives of Tsingtao should sustain the relationship by delivering superior quality products on time and ensuring that promised quantities are made available. Creating unique marketing and advertising strategies Creative marketing strategies can help attract new customers while marketing directly to the consumer can help create demand for the product, thus increasing the likelihood that distributors will purchase it. Therefore, it is important for Tsingtao to invest time and money in creating a perfect marketing strategy. Also, by enticing youngsters with promotional offers during happy hours and by featuring nightlife places in advertisements, Tsingtaos brand image will be established as a beer for the youth. Tsingtao can also sponsor events at pubs and nightclubs, thereby creating brand awareness and facilitating the trial of its beer for first-time consumers. Customer satisfaction Customer satisfaction is driven by how well the products are sold. An essential factor for the success of Tsingtao is to ensure that customers are satisfied with the current offerings at the current prices. Tapping on tourism Singapore is Asias leading travel destination and welcomes millions of tourists every year. With the increasing number of tourists, the consumption of beer is increasing over time. Therefore, it is very important for Tsingtao to create its brand awareness on a global platform so as to attract tourists. Market Entry Options and Key Considerations Given the potential of the beer market in Singapore, Tsingtao can be launched in Singapore in the following ways: Exporting to Singapore Tsingtao beer can be exported to Singapore from its plant in China. The company can go about it as follows: Indirect exporting, wherein Tsingtao uses a middleman based in its home market to handle the exporting. Cooperative exporting, wherein Tsingtao enters into an agreement with a local or foreign company and the partner company will use its distribution network to sell the Tsingtao beer in Singapore. Direct exporting, wherein Tsingtao sets up its own export organization and relies on a middleman based in the Singapore market. The advantage of exporting Tsingtao to Singapore is that the product can be first tested in the market and if the product is successful, the company can look at other options, such as introducing more varieties. On the other hand, the primary disadvantage is the high export duties for alcohol. Franchising Another alternative to exports is to find a franchisee in Singapore who can sell under the Tsingtao brand. The advantage of such a scenario is that it would provide Tsingtao a temporary vehicle to conduct primary research without losing control of its brand. But since the capacity will be small, a spurt in demand cannot be met immediately. Joint Venture with APB Tsingtao could form a joint venture with APB, the largest brewery with maximum brand share in Singapore. The advantages of such a merger would be tapping into the established distribution channels of APB, while on the downside, Tsingtao will have to compete with other major brands including Tiger and Heineken brewed under license at APB. Wholly-owned Plant Tsingtao could also set up its own full-fledged business plant in Singapore. This would help the company meet the increasing demand of beer in Singapore. However, in this scenario, Tsingtao will become a legal and financial entity in Singapore and will have to meet the local licensing and financial obligations. To set up a small plant with production capacity of less than 1.8 million litres of beer or stout, Tsingtao would have to incur a fee of S$8,400 annually, whereas to set up a large-scale brewery, it would have to incur a fee of S$43,200 annually. Recommended Actions Beer is expected to attain a total volume CAGR of 4% to reach 130 million litres in 2016. It is evident that there is a huge growing market for beer in Singapore. Hence, the beer market in Singapore has the potential for the entry of new products like Tsingtao beer. Based on the current beer market scenario and the trends in the beer industry in Singapore, the following are the recommendations for Tsingtao to enter the Singapore market. It is advantageous for Tsingtao to enter the Singapore market as a wholly owned subsidiary and initially set up a microbrewery in Singapore. This entry will give them brand exclusivity which they might not gain if they enter into a partnership with Asia Pacific Breweries which brews the big brands like Tiger Beer, Heineken, Anchor, Barons Strong Brew and Guinness. By setting up a microbrewery, they will have to pay a license fee of only S$8,400 annually as compared to S$43,200 annually for large scale breweries. Thus, the savings of S$34,800 per year can be used on RD to improve the performance and quality of their products. In Singapore, in the coming years, growth in on-trade volume sales (sales in pubs, clubs, bars, and restaurants) is forecast to be higher than that of off-trade volume sales (sales in corner shops, retailers, wholesalers, cash and carry). Thus, Tsingtao beer can partner with popular pubs, clubs, bars and restaurants, especially those targeting the youth, as the youth is the target market for Tsingtao beer. This channel of distribution will maximize its sales in Singapore. In order to create new demand for beer consumption in a market that has already reached saturation, Tsingtao can come out with a variety of products that appeal to local tastes and complement the local cuisine in Singapore. They can include local ingredients like Calamansi and Pandan to flavour their beers. As Tsingtao is mainly targeted at the youth, it can partner with and sponsor youth events like the Singapore Youth Festival and the Singapore Youth Olympics Festival to build its brand image and gain brand equity. As Tsingtao is a light lager beer, it can be positioned as a better choice for health conscious people, particularly women, who most often prefer light beer. Tsingtao should make its presence felt in the competitive Singapore beer market through advertisements and promotions in digital and social media. As it aims to target the youth, it can leverage on the internet and social media to reach out to a large youth population. It should also actively engage in youth activities to promote its brand image. Through strong promotions, it will be able to build its brand equity, remove the perception of Cheap Chinese Beer, and be positioned as one of the leading beer brands in the country.

Friday, October 25, 2019

marriage under fire :: essays research papers

Marriage under Fire We must remember what marriage is for and why God has given it the design he did. Marriage is to be between a man and a woman. This goes back to the beginning of time and why God created woman in the first place; â€Å"to provide a helpful mate for Adam; it was not good that man should be alone† (Genesis 1:18, 20-23). So we see that marriage was God's idea, not men. Knowing this, why in the world would we as Americans give that right to homosexual couples? Marriage is a blessing the God gave to man. In society today, many individuals have forgotten the importance of marriage. People have the tendencies to marry anyone at anytime because they do not see the significance of marriage and God. America was founded by God and his beliefs. The United States screams God everywhere from currency to the Pledge of Allegiance. Thus meaning, why would the United States, a place of God, allow something morally wrong and sinful? Some would argue that homosexual marriage is a step in the righ t direction for human rights. They believe it is an act of freedom. This is wrong because homosexual matrimony is everything God stands against. Citizens today do not have the right to try and add or delete any scriptures in the Bible to help themselves. God made the Bible to guide people in the right direction. People need to read the bible in order to understand the word, not to change it. Accepting homosexual marriage would only hurt America. It is a major threat to the structure of families. The country should not take lightly the meaning of marriage and on a higher note try and take it away. â€Å"Marriage is like a brand new car: once you take that car off of the car lot the value of it depreciates. Giving homosexuals the right to marry would depreciate the value of marriage and the pride it once carried will be no more. Not only does it do that, but more importantly it goes against God! We must preserve our values and morality for generations to come, for those children being born today and next year.† The marriage between two people of the same sex is against Gods beliefs, a threat to the structure of families and a sin to mankind. With dedication and perseverance people who oppose gay marriages can succeed in ending the debate of making it legal.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Explain the Potential Effects of Five Different Influences on an Individual

Explain the effects of five different life stages on the development of an individual. In today’s society it is almost impossible to grow up without being affected by the things around us. During an individual’s development there are five main key factors that affect them. These include: * Genetic factors * Socio- economic factors * Biological factors * Lifestyle factors * Environmental factors To begin with, there are 23 chromosomes in each cell found in the nucleus.It is these cells that determine the hereditary of a child as well as the sex during conception. Genetic diseases make up a large proportion of the total disease burden, for example 50% of deafness is due to genetics as well as 40-50% of miscarriages. Another disease that is generally caused by genetics is cystic fibrosis which is caused by a defective gene. As many as four people in the UK have this gene; however the gene is recessive meaning children will only get the gene if both parents are carriers. Cy stic fibrosis results in a sticky mucus forming in the lungs, pancreas and intestines, and in the past it meant a low life expectancy but today a lot can be done to solve this. In relation to Jason asthma also seen as a genetic disease and Jason’s development of asthma could be a result of his Mother smoking of drinking during pregnancy. However the causes of asthma may not just be due to genetic inheritance but also due to environmental factors which I will further later in the essay. Closely related to this and sometimes somewhat confused are biological factors.Biological factors also start from conception and one of these is Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) which is the biggest cause of mental handicap in the western world as well as the only one that is 100% preventable. The first stages in prenatal are the most important and again this relates to Jason as one of the effects of FAS is falling behind with leaning development and Jason found school hard to cope with but in the end caught up, however this could be as a result of many reason and it does not mean his mother consumed alcohol during pregnancy. A woman’s diet also affects the foetus as well as during breast eeding, research shows that if a mother had a high sugar diet her child is more likely to develop high cholesterol and a higher risk of heart disease in later life. Malnutrition or a lack of health food could also lead to poor health for the child in later life Jason’s mother also could have smoke during pregnancy leading to his asthma. Socioeconomic factors also heavy a heavy impact on development for example if a family is poor there is a higher risk a child will suffer from malnutrition as well as the fact in later life they will want to do better.Within the factor is values and attitudes, a prime example of this would be education, if parents have went to college they will more than likely want their children to as well, however it could also be argued that if parent haven ’t went to college they will want their children to achieve more in life than they did. In relation to Jason although he may want to go to college he may not be able to as he does not come from a well off family and may not be able to afford to do so. Continuing on from this is Lifestyle factors, which is a highly varied subject.For example a person who has been brought up in a poor household will be completely different that one brought up in a well off household. Nutrition and dietary is a big part of this however it is only if you are reasonably well off that you can afford to buy the healthier choices. As well as this alcohol intake and the misuse of substances can affect you and this happens to be on of the most controversial issues in society. It can have social, physical and mental effects on an individual from the expense, to long term health risks or the fact it could lead to depression.In relation to Jason’s lifestyle the fact he may not be able to afford col lege and the fact he lives in a high density housing estate may mean he is not that well off money wise meaning he may not get the healthiest foods and could also have been bullied not only as a result of his asthma but also as he cannot afford the things some of the other children could. Lastly is environmental factors, this has a huge impact on our development and research shows that 1 out of 5 children are malnourished. However this is a varied range of situations.Exposure to pollution as well as poor housing can lead to health problems for example carbon monoxide takes away oxygen from the red blood cells as they have a higher affinity for it which can then lead to heart disease and nitrogen and sulphur dioxide can lead to lung disease as these gases irritate the lungs. This is not the only environmental effect however, Jason got bullied a lot at school which means he could suffer from depression and will have low self-esteem in later life. As well as this fact when he was 8 his parents divorced which leaves a great mental effect on individuals and at his age it was a lot to go through.Separation can lead to anger issues for the child as well as abandonment issues and this could even go on to affect Jason in later life it could even lead to AD (anxiety disorder) which could be as the child’s routine is disrupted. Jason’s parents’ divorce may be the reason he fell behind at school and when he reached adolescence he adapted which may be why his school work improved. Environmental factors can affect development both physically and mentally. In conclusion all five factors can affect an individual’s development as shown through the example of Jason, and all five have different effects yet still equally importantBibliography * http://www. livestrong. com/article/217996-factors-affecting-early-child-development/ *http://www. psychologytoday. com/blog/surviving-your-childs-adolescence/201112/the-impact-divorce-young-children-and-adolesc ents *http://www. ucl. ac. uk/support-pages/information/alcohol-and-drug-abuse *http://www. lbl. gov/Education/ELSI/Frames/pollution-health-effects-f. html *http://uk-air. defra. gov. uk/air-pollution/effects *http://www. succeedsocially. com/lifestyle *Class notes *Moodle

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Msn 3.02-03-2002

Source: IS PARAGRAPH-WWW http://online. prg. kz INTERSTATE CONSTRUCTION NORMS MSN 3. 02-03-2002 Buildings and Premises for Institutions and Organisations Contents Introduction 1 Scope 2 Codes and standards 3  Terms and definitions 4 General 5 Requirements to premises 6 Fire safety 7 Safety in use 8 Compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements 9 Energy conservation 10 Durability and maintainability Appendix ? (mandatory). References Appendix B (mandatory).Terms and definitions Appendix C (mandatory). Rules for calculating the total area of buildings, area of premises, total structural volume, footprint area and number of building floors during design Appendix D (mandatory). List of premises in buildings of institutions that can be located on underground and semi-basement floors Introduction This document contains norms and regulations for a group of buildings and premises with common functional and space/layout features and designed ainly for intellectual labour and non -production activities that are different from buildings designed for production of tangible assets and provision of services to the public. The defining features of this group of buildings are: composition of the main functional groups of premises, space/layout structure, same functional fire class of buildings/structures taking into account methods of use (during day time only), fire risk degree and characteristics of main personnel as established by MSN 2. 2-01. In accordance with the principles defined in MSN 1. 01-01, this document sets out a number of mandatory normative requirements to operational characteristics of building used by organisations and institutions, including and first of all the requirements to their safety and compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements. Participants in development of this document are: Viktorova L.A, Cand. Arch (FTsS Stroy-sertifikatsiya of Russian Federation Gosstroy); Garnets A. M. , Cand. Arch (Public Buildings Institute), G lukharev V. A. , Sopotsko S. Yu. , Cand. Tech. Sci. (Russian Federation Gosstroy); Lerner I. I. , Cand. Arch (â€Å"TsNIIEP named after Mezentsev B. S. † CJSC); Skrob L. A. , Cand. Arch; Storozhenko T. E. , (â€Å"TsNIIpromzdaniy† CJSC). 1 ScopeThis document shall be applied during design, construction and operation of new and refurbished buildings used by institutions and organisations, including: institutions of local government control bodies; administrative buildings of various enterprises, including industrial ones; offices and buildings of scientific research, design and development organisations; buildings of financial institutions and banks, buildings of legal institutions and public prosecution bodies; editing and publishing organisations (with the exception of printing houses), as well as buildings and premises of other non-production institutions using their premises during a part of the day time for accommodation of permanent personnel accustomed to the loc al conditions. This document sets out requirements to safety and other operational characteristics of buildings that are mandatory for all legal entities and private individuals carrying out design and construction of buildings for institutions and organisations (hereinafter â€Å"buildings of institutions†).In addition to this document, other, more general codes and standards shall be complied with during design and construction of buildings and premises for the above institutions if they do not conflict with the requirements of this document. This document applies to all buildings regardless of the sources of financing (state or municipality budget or own funds of developers that carry out construction of buildings for own needs or for rental purposes). This document does not apply to design of buildings for the Government, police, security and defence bodies, customs services, embassies and other facilities of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in other countries, state archi ves, buildings of laboratory and experimental facilities and special structures of scientific research institutes, as well as office premises placed inside mobile buildings. 2 Codes and standardsThis document contains references to codes and standards listed in Appendix ?. 3  Terms and definitions Definitions of terms used in this document are provided in Appendix B. 4 General 4. 1 Design, construction and refurbishment of buildings of institutions shall be in accordance with the requirements of this document and other codes and standards stipulating rules for design and construction and on the basis of Permit to Construct confirming the right of owner, user or lessee of the land plot (hereinafter â€Å"the Client/Developer†) to carry out development as described in design documentation agreed and approved in accordance with the established procedures. 4. Arrangement of the proposed buildings and structures on the land plot allocated for construction shall be in accordance with restrictions established by the effective legislation, design and construction codes and standards, Architectural Planning Assignment and Permit to Construct. 4. 3 Design and construction of buildings of institutions shall include provisions, in accordance with current codes and standards, to ensure accessibility for people with limited mobility working in or visiting these buildings. This requirement shall be described in detail in the Technical Design Assignment, stating, if necessary, the number of disabled persons and types of disability. 4. 4 Premises of institutions proposed to be located within residential buildings shall be designed in accordance with both this document and the requirements of other current codes and standards to public premises inside residential buildings. 4. Building load-bearing structures shall be designed to prevent the following effects during construction and in normal operating conditions: destruction of or damage to structures requiring discon tinuation of building operation; unacceptable deterioration of operational characteristics of structures or buildings as a result of deformations of formation of fractures. 4. 6 Building bases and structures shall be designed to withstand the following loads and effects: permanent gravity loads from lead-bearing and enclosing structures; temporary uniformly distributed and concentrated loads on floor slabs; snow loads typical for the construction region; wind loads typical for the construction region; hazardous geophysical effects typical for the construction region.Normative values of the above loads, adverse combinations of loads or corresponding forces, structure deflection and movement limits and values of reliability factors in terms of load shall be assumed in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards. Additional client requirements to loads from heavy elements of equipment stated in the Technical Design Assignment shall also be taken into account. 4. 7 L oad bearing and deformation analysis methods used in design of structures shall comply with the requirements of current codes and standards on structures made of relevant materials. On undermined land, subsiding soils, in seismically active areas and in other complex geology conditions buildings shall be sited taking into account additional requirements of the relevant regulations. 4. Building foundation design shall take into account physical and mechanical properties of soils indicated in the relevant regulations, hydrogeological conditions of the development site and aggresiveness of soils and groundwater to foundations and buried utilities and ensure the required uniformity and speed of soil base settlement under buildings. 4. 9 Buildings and premises of institutions shall be provided with cold and hot water supply systems, waste water systems, rainwater drainage facilities, as well as separate or combined fire water main in accordance with current codes and standards. Water sup ply systems inside buildings shall be separate or combined domestic/potable and fire water supply systems.Hot water supply outlets shall be provided for process equipment of canteens and buffets, for taps of cleaning utensils rooms, for washbasins of medical rooms and lavatories, for female personal hygiene cabins and other devices in accordance with the Technical Design Assignment. 4. 10 HVAC systems of buildings shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards and requirements Sections 7-9 of this document. Inlets of heating networks into buildings shall be provided with heating stations (individual and central heating stations). 4. 11 Buildings of institutions shall be provided with electric equipment, electric lighting, city telephone lines, wired radio and television systems.If necessary in accordance with special requirements of departmental construction codes and Technical Design Assignment, complexes of buildings and individual buildings o r premises shall be equipped with local (internal) telephone systems, local wired radio and television systems, public address/entertainment systems, amplification and interpreting systems, time signalling devices, fire and security alarm systems, fire public address systems (in accordance with the current codes and standards), gas, smoke and flooding alarms, utility systems automation and building management systems, as well as other devices and multi-purpose low-current power supply system. 4. 12 Electric equipment for installation in buildings of institutions shall be designed in accordance with current regulations approved in accordance with the established procedures. 4. 3 Lightning protection of buildings shall be designed taking into account presence of television antennae and telephone/wired radio masts in accordance with current codes and standards. 4. 14 Gas supply systems of buildings of institutions shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of current codes a nd standards. 4. 15 Buildings of institutions shall be provided with waste and dust removal systems. Waste removal systems shall be designed on the basis of regional daily waste accumulation standards (taking into account the level of amenities provided in the buildings). Waste removal facilities shall be aligned with waste removal system of the settlement in question. The requirement for provision of a refuse chute shall be stipulated in the Technical Design Assignment.Buildings without refuse chutes shall be provided with refuse collection chamber or utility area. 4. 16 Buildings of institutions shall be provided with passenger lifts if the difference in height between entrance hall and the top floor is 12 m or greater; if such buildings are constantly visited by the public, lifts shall be provided when the above difference is 9 m or greater; if on the second and higher floors there are premises for the disabled, in accordance with current codes and standards. The requirement for provision of other vertical transport facilities in buildings of institutions shall be stipulated by the Technical Design Assignment.The required number of passenger lifts shall be determined on the basis of calculations, normally, this number shall be two; one lift in the building (passenger or freight/passenger lift) shall have the cabin at least 2100 mm deep to allow transportation of one person on a stretcher. In buildings of institutions having 10 or more floors, one of the passenger lifts shall be designed to carry fire brigades in accordance with requirements of current codes and standards. If an attic floor is being added to an existing building with 9 floors, installation of this type of lift is not mandatory. If atria is provided, this type of lift shall be installed in buildings having 7 or more floors. In buildings less than 28 m high (bottom of upper window opening – in accordance with MSN 2. 02-01) having not more than two lifts, they can be installed in a stair case. 4. 7 Subject to Client/Developer request, documentation on buildings of institutions shall additionally include heat-and-power engineering passport and operating instructions. The purpose of heat-and-power engineering passport is to establish heat-and-power engineering characteristics and power consumption of the building. It shall be drawn up in accordance with procedures and format established by current codes and standards taking into account provision of Section 9 of this document. Operation instructions shall contain requirements and provisions necessary to ensure safety of buildings and structures during operation, including information on the main tructures and utility systems, layouts of concealed framework elements, concealed electric wiring and utilities, as well as limit values of loads for structural elements and electric networks. This information can be presented as copies of as-built documentation. 5 Requirements to premises 5. 1 Normally, premises in buildings of institutions constitute the following main functional groups: ?) management offices; b) work premises of structural subdivisions of institutions and organisations; c) premises for meetings and/or conference rooms; d) IT/ technical premises, including: technical libraries, design offices, archive rooms, premises housing IT equipment, etc. depending on the Technical Design Assignment; e) entrance premises, including: entrance hall, additional space between entrance lobby and entrance hall, cloakroom, access badge issue bureau, security guard room; f) customer service premises, including: premises of public catering and healthcare enterprises, lavatories, amenity premises for maintenance and operation personnel, sports/recreational premises, etc. ; g) building maintenance premises, including: repair workshops, stores of different intended use, etc. ; h) premises for utility equipment, including: ventilation chambers, premises with electric power distribution panels, etc. 5. 2 Compos ition and area of and functional interdependencies between premises in buildings of institutions shall be determined in the Technical Design Assignment in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards.Composition of premises in functional Groups ?) – d) and g) shall be established in the Technical Design Assignment, their area is determined by state departmental or process standards, however, it shall be noted that at least 6 m2 shall be allowed for each employee in the premises of functional Group b) (excluding space for special furniture for office equipment). Composition, equipment (including sanitary devices) and area of premises in Groups e) and f) shall be determined in accordance with standards stipulated in the existing codes and standards. 5. 3 Composition and area of premises for IT and communications equipment, as well as requirements thereto shall be determined in special Technical Design Assignment attached to the main Technical Design Assignmen t. 5. Composition and area of special-purpose premises of financial, banking, legal and other institutions shall be determined in the Technical Design Assignment taking into account the current codes and standards. 5. 5 Height of premises measured from floor to ceiling shall be at least 3 ?. In small offices located within residential buildings and industrial offices located in administrative/amenity buildings, height of premises can be the same as the height adopted for such buildings. 5. 6 Height of corridors and halls shall be at least 2. 4 m, in offices located within residential buildings and industrial offices located in administrative/amenity buildings, at least 2. 2 m. Width of corridors shall comply with the requirements of fire prevention norms, however, it shall be at least 1. 2 m if corridor length is 10 m, at least 1. ? if corridor length exceeds 10 m and at least 2. 4 m if corridors are used as lobbies or spaces for accommodation of waiting visitors. 5. 7 Height of mec hanical floors shall be assumed taking into account equipment and utilities they will accommodate and operating conditions of such equipment and utilities, the clear height of such floors along passageways of maintenance personnel shall be at least 1. 8 m. 5. 8 The distance between the most distant premises to the nearest passenger lift shall not be greater than 60 m. Exits from passenger lifts shall lead into a lift hall, including entrance or other hall is lift hall is a part thereof. Passenger lift hall shall be: at least 1. x the minimum lift cage depth if lifts are arranged in a single row; at least double the minimum cage depth if lifts are arranged in two rows. Width of lift hall in front of lifts with cage depth of 2100 mm and greater shall be at least 2. 5 m or, if there are two rows of lifts, at least equal to the double the minimum cage depth. Store rooms and other premises designed for storage of combustible materials shall not have exits leading directly into the lift h all. 5. 9 Requirement for provision of civil defence premises in buildings of institutions shall be determined in the Technical Design Assignment in accordance with agreement made with Civil Defence Headquarters as required by the current codes and standards. 6 Fire safety 6. 1 General 6. 1. Fire safety requirements stipulated by this document are based on provisions and classifications of MSN 2. 02-01. 6. 1. 2 Except as otherwise specifically set forth in this document, terms and definitions used in this section are in accordance with ST SEV 383 and GOST 12. 1. 033. 6. 1. 3 This document shall be complied with in the design of buildings up to 50m high of functional fire risk class ?(F) 4. 3 (as per MSN 2. 02-01), as well as premises of these class built into buildings of other functional fire risk class. Class ?(F) 4. 3 built-in or built-in/lean-to premises of residential buildings shall also conform to the requirements of current codes and standards.For buildings higher than 50 m, technical specifications shall be developed containing additional measures taking into account specifics of fire protection in accordance with 1. 5* MSN 2. 02-01. 6. 1. 4 Automatic fire detection, extinguishing and alarm installations shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards. 6. 2 Provision of public safety 6. 2. 1 Width of escape exits and stairways shall be determined depending on the number of escaping personnel via the exit per 1m of width in buildings: of fire-resistance rating I and II and fire risk class (SO)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. not more than 165 people of fire-resistance rating III and IV and fire risk class ?(SO), ?1(S1)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦not more than 115 people of fire-resistance rating III and IV and fire risk class ?2(S2), (S3) of fire-resistance rating V and all fire risk classes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. not more than 80 peopl e Also, the width of escape exits shall be determined taking into account the requirements of Item 6. 16, that of stairways, taking into account the requirements of Item 6. 29 of MSN 2. 02-01. 6. 2. 2 Distances along escape routes from doors of the most distant premises (with the exception of lavatories, wash-rooms, smoking rooms and other amenity premises that are not permanently manned) to the exit leading outside or into a staircase shall not exceed distances indicated in Table 6. 1. Capacity of premises with exits leading into a dead-end corridor or hall shall not exceed 80 people. Table 6. 1Fire-resistance rating of buildings| Structural fire risk class of buildings| Distance, in metres, when density of traffic in a corridor is*), persons/m2| | | up to 2| from over 2 to 3| from over 3 to 4| from over 4 to 5| over 5| ?. From premises located between staircases or exits leading outside| I and II| (SO)| 60| 50| 40| 35| 20| III IV| (SO), ?1(S1) (SO), ?1(S1)| 40| 35| 30| 25| 15| III | ?2(S2),(S3)| 30| 25| 20| 15| 10| IV| ?2(S2),(S3)  | | | | | | V| Not specified  | | | | | | B. From premises with exits leading into a dead-end corridor or hall| I and II| (SO)| 30| 25| 20| 15| 10| III| (SO), ?1(S1)| 20| 15| 15| 10| 7| IV| (SO), ?1(S1)  | | | | | |III| ?2(S2),(S3)| 15| 10| 10| 5 | 5| IV| ?2(S2),(S3)  | | | | | | V| Not specified  Ã‚  | | | | | | *) Ratio of the number of people evacuating from premises to the area of escape route corridor. | 6. 2. 3 Large rooms (conference rooms, dining rooms of canteens, etc. ) shall be placed on floors indicated in Table 6. 2. In determination of the highest possible floor for large rooms with sloping floors, floor level shall be assumed to be equal to the level of the first row of seats. Table 6. 2 Fire-resistance rating of buildings| Structural fire risk class| Number of seats| Floor| I, II| (SO)| Up to 300From over 300 to 600From over 300 to 600| 1-161-51-3| II| ?1| Up to 300| 1-3|IIIIII| CO?1| From over 300 to 600U p to 300From over 300 to 600| 1-21-21| IV| ,?1| Up to 300| 1| IV| ?2(S2),(S3)| Up to 100| 1| V| Not specified| Up to 100| 1| 6. 2. 4 The maximum distance from any point of large rooms to the nearest escape exit shall no exceed the distance indicated in Table 6. 3. Table 6. 3 Intended use| Fire-resistance rating of buildings| Structural fire risk classof buildings| Distance (m) in rooms with volume, thousand m3| | | | up to 5| from 5 to 10| Exhibition halls, conference rooms, gyms, etc. | I, II| (SO)| 30| 45| | III| (SO)| ditto| ditto| | III| ?1| 20| 30| | IV| (SO), ?1(S1)| ditto| ditto| | IV| ?2(S2)-(S3)| 15| -| | V| Not specified| ditto| -|Dining and readinghalls, with area of the main passageway providing at least 0. 2m per each evacuating person| I, II| (SO)| 65| -| | III| (SO)| ditto| -| | III| ?1| 45| -| | IV| (SO), ?1(S1)| ditto| -| | IV| ?2(S2)-(S3)| 30| -| | V| Not specified| ditto|   | Note: Symbol â€Å"-† in the table indicates that premises of this type can not havethe indicated volume. | 6. 2. 5 The number of steps in one flight of stairs between landings (with the exception of curved stairs) shall not exceed 16. The number of steps in single-flight stairs or single flight of two- or three-flight stairs within the limits of ground floor shall not exceed 18. 6. 2. Type 3 stairs can be used as the second escape route from the first floor. Type 3 stairs shall be designed for the following maximum numbers of evacuating people: 70 – for buildings of fire-resistance ratings I and II and fire risk class (SO); 50 – for buildings of fire-resistance ratings III and IV and fire risk classes (SO) and C1(S1); 30 – for buildings of fire-resistance ratings III and IV and fire risk classes ?2(S2) and C3(S3), for buildings of fire-resistance rating V. 6. 2. 7 If walkways leading to external stairs pass through flat roofs or external open galleries, load-bearing structures of roofs and galleries shall be designed to have fire-resistanc e limit REI 30 and fire risk class . 6. Prevention of fire propagation 6. 3. 1 Fire-resistance rating, structural fire risk class and permissible height of buildings (as per MSN 2. 02-01) and floor area within a fire compartment shall be assumed in accordance with Table 6. 4. Elements of load-bearing structures in two or more storey high buildings of fire-resistance rating IV shall have fire-resistance limit R45 or better. If premises are provided with automatic fire extinguishing installations, areas indicated in Table 6. 4 can be increased by 100 %, with the exception of buildings of fire-resistance rating IV with fire risk class or ?1, as well as buildings of fire-resistance rating V. Table 6. stipulates standards for buildings and fore compartments of different categories and pre-defined combinations of fire-resistance ratings and structural fire risk classes. For combinations not included in the table, floor area and building height shall be assumed as for the lowest of the in dicated values for the particular building category, or agreed in accordance with procedures defined in Item 1. 6 of MSN 2. 02-01. Table 6. 4 Fire-resistance rating of buildings  Ã‚  | Structural fire risk class  Ã‚  | Permissible height of buildings, m  Ã‚  | Floor area within a fire compartment, in metres, when the number of floors is:| | | | 1| 2| 3| 4-5| 6-9| 10-16| I| (SO)| 50| 6000| 5000| 5000| 5000| 5000| 2500| II| (SO)| 50| 6000| 4000| 4000| 4000| 4000| 2200| II| CI| 28| 5000| 3000| 3000| 2000| 1200| -|III| (SO)| 15| 3000| 2000| 2000| 1200| -| -| III| CI| 12| 2000| 1400| 1200| 800| -| -| IV| CO| 9| 2000| 1400| 1200| -| -| -| IV| CI| 6| 2000| 1400| -| -| -| -| IV| ?2(S2),(S3)| 6| 1200| 800|   | -| -| -| V| CI-C3| 6| 1200| 800| -| -| -| -| Notes: 1. Here and further in Section 6 height of buildings is determined in accordance with MSN 2. 02-01 (see note to Item 1. 5*) and measured from the surface that fire engines are driving on to the lower boundary of opening on the top floor (not top mechanical floor). 2. Symbol â€Å"-† in the table means that a building of the particular fire-resistance rating can not have the indicated number of storeys.   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | Floor area between fire walls of single-storey buildings having a two-storey part occupying less than 15% of building area shall be assumed as for a single-storey building. Fire-resistance rating of building lean-to canopies, terraces and galleries, as well as other buildings and structures separated by fire-rated walls can be assumed to be by one level lower than fire-resistance rating of the building. 6. 3. 2 To ensure the required fire-resistance limit of load-bearing elements in buildings of fire-resistance rating I, II and ?, use of structural fire protection only is permitted (siding, concrete coating, plastering, etc. ). 6. 3. Attic floor in buildings of fire-resistance rating I, II and III can be assumed to have load-bea ring structures with fire-resistance limit R45, provided that such structures will have fire risk class and will be separated from lower storeys by Type 2 fire-rated floor structure. In this case, attic floor shall be separated by Type 1 fire-rated partitions into compartments having an area: not greater than 2000 m2 for buildings of fire-resistance ratings I and II or not greater than 1400 m2 for buildings of fire-resistance rating III. Fire-rated partitions shall protrude above the roof as a fire-rated wall in accordance with Item 6. 3. 5 of this document.In attics of buildings up to 28 m high inclusive, use of wooden structures with fire protection providing fire risk class is allowed. 6. 3. 4 Roofing, roof timbers and lathing can be made of combustible materials. In lofts of buildings (with the exception of buildings of fire-resistance rating V) with roof timbers and lathing made of combustible materials, roofing shall not be made of combustible materials, roof timbers and lat hing shall be subjected to fire-proofing treatment ensuring loss of wood mass during tests described in GOST 4686 not greater than 13 %. 6. 3. 5 Fire-rated wall shall protrude above the roof: by at least 60 cm if any of the elements of loft or loft-free roof (with the exception of roofing) are made of Group (G3) or ?4(G4) aterials; by at least 30 cm if elements of loft or loft-free roof (with the exception of roofing) are made of Group ?1(G1) or ?2(G2) materials. Protrusion of fire-rated walls above the roofing is not mandatory if all elements of loft or loft-free roof (with the exception of roofing) are made of Group (NG) materials. 6. 3. 6 Fire-rated walls of buildings with external walls constructed using Group ?1(G1), ?2(G2), (G3) or ?4(G4) materials shall cross such walls and extend beyond the wall external surface by at least 30 cm. If external walls made of Group (NG) materials have continuous band windows, fire-rated walls shall separate windows. In this case, extension of f ire-rated wall beyond the wall external surface is not mandatory.Fire-rated walls can have ventilation and chimney channels, however, in their locations, fire-rated wall fire-resistance limit on both sides of a channel shall be at least REI 150 in the case of Type I fire-rated walls and at least REI 45 in the case of Type II fire-rated walls. Fire-rated floors shall adjoin external walls made of Group (NG) materials without gaps. Fire-rated floors in buildings with Class ?. 1, ?2 and external walls or with glazing at the floor structure level shall cross such walls and glazing. 6. 3. 7 If a building is divided into fire compartments, the wall of the higher and wider compartment shall serve as fire-rated wall.External part of fire-rated wall can be used for placement of windows, doors and gates with non-specified fire-resistance limits, at a vertical distance above the roofing of adjoining compartment of at least 8 m and horizontal distance from walls of at least 4 m. 6. 3. 8 Placem ent of fire-rated walls or fire-rated partitions in locations where one part of a building adjoins another at an angle shall be such as to ensure that the horizontal distance between the nearest edges of opening in external walls is at least equal to 4 m, whereas at least 4m parts of walls and roof eaves/cave adjoining to fire-rated wall or partition at an angle shall be made of Group (NG) materials. If the distance between the indicated opening is less than 4 m, they shall be filled with Type 2 fire-rated doors or windows. 6. 3. Walls, partitions, floor structures, roofs and other enclosing structures of buildings shall not have voids restricted by Group (G3) or ?4(G4) materials, with the exception of voids: in wooden structures of floors and roofs divided by blind walls into spaces with area not exceeding 54 m, and also along contours of internal walls; between steel or aluminium corrugated sheets and vapour insulation, provided that behind the vapour insulation there is a heat in sulation layer made of Group (NG), ?1(G1) or ?2(G2) material. If heat insulation is made of Group (G3) or ?4(G4) materials (including heat insulation without vapour insulation), such voids at sheet edges shall be filled with Group (NG), ?1(G1) or ?2(G2) mate ials to a depth of at least 25 cm; between Group structures and their facings made of Group (G3) or ?4(G4) materials from the side of premises, provided that voids are divided by blind walls into spaces with area not exceeding 3 m2; between facing made of Group (G3) or ?4(G4) materials and external surfaces of walls of single-storey buildings having a height from the reference ground level to the eaves of 6 m maximum and footprint area not exceeding 300 m2, provided that voids are divided by blind walls into spaces with area not exceeding 7. 2 m2. Blind walls can be made of Group (G3) or ?4(G4) materials, with the exception of thermoplastic cellular plastics. 6. 3. 10 Voids in building roofs with corrugated metal sheeting and h eat insulation layer made of Group ?1(G1)-?4(G4) materials shall be filled with Group (NG) materials to 250 mm depth in locations of sheeting junctions with walls, movement joints and skylight frames, as well as from each side of roof ridges and valley. 6. 3. 1 Enclosing structures of passages between buildings shall have fire-resistance limit equal to that of the main building. Pedestrian and utility tunnels shall be made of non-combustible materials. In location of junctions with passages and tunnels, walls shall have fire risk class and fire-resistance limit REI 45. Doors installed in openings of such walls and leading into passages and tunnels shall be Type 2 fire-rated doors. 6. 3. 12 Staircase doors leading into common corridors, lift hall doors and lockable lobby doors shall be provided with door closers and rabbet seals and shall not have locks that prevent door opening without a key. 6. 3. 3 In buildings over 4 storeys high, toughened or reinforced glass or glass blocks sh all be used as light-transmitting filling material for doors, transoms (in doors, partitions and walls, including internal walls of staircases) and partitions. In buildings with 4 storeys or less, all types of light-transmitting filling materials can be used. In buildings over 4 storeys high, staircase doors leading into common corridors, lift hall doors and lockable lobby doors shall be blind or reinforced glass doors. 6. 3. 14 Sliding partitions made of Group ?1(G1)-?4(G4) materials shall be protected from both sides by Group (NG) materials to provide fire-resistance limit EI 30. 6. 3. 15 Water consumption for internal fire fighting in buildings shall be sufficient for two jets 2. L/sec each, but not less than water consumption rates indicated in the current codes and standards. 6. 4 Requirements to design of atria 6. 4. 1 Part of a building that includes atrium and associated premises shall be separated as a fire compartment and equipped with fire protection system. 6. 4. 2 Fire protection system includes: ?) smoke protection system; b) internal fire water main and automatic fire-fighting equipment; c) lifts for fire brigades (provision of lifts for fire brigades in buildings with 6 storeys or less equipped with complete fire protection system package is not compulsory); d) public address and evacuation management system; ) personal and collective protection equipment and rescue means; f) space and layout design and technical solutions ensuring timely evacuation of people and protection of people form hazardous fire impacts; g) controlled fire endurance ratings and fire risk of structures and finishing materials; h) structural elements that limit fire and smoke propagation (fire barriers, fire compartments, etc. ). 6. 4. 3 Elements of fire protection system (FPS) shall be controlled from the central control console that shall allow: to control fire protection systems; to control systems that are not part of the FPS and not associated with ensuring safety in the building in case of fire; coordination of actions of all services responsible for ensuring public safety and fire extinguishing. FPS central control console shall be located in the building close to the main entrance or in the room on the ground or basement floor that has exit directly outside. FPS central control console shall not be located in the engineering services control room. Enclosing structures of the room accommodating the FPS central control console shall have fire-resistance limit EI60 or better. Mini-schematics of the FPS shall be placed on the building front at the main entrance to the FPS control console room. Reliability of power supply to the FPS control console room shall be of Category 1.FPS central control console shall be provided with a telephone hotline connecting it with the nearest fire station. 6. 4. 4 Atrium and all building premises forming a single fire compartment shall be provided with automatic fire fighting and smoke alarm system. In atria more than 17 m high (floor to ceiling inside dimension), sprinklers shall be installed under structures protruding into atrium space (balconies, galleries, etc. ), installation of sprinklers in atrium ceiling is not required. If water curtains are used, instead of fire-rated wall, fire compartment separated by a water curtain from the fire compartment with atrium shall be equipped with FPS. 6. 4. For smoke removal from atrium during a fire, exhaust ventilation system shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards. Both natural and forced exhaust ventilation systems can be provided. 6. 4. 6 Rooms and corridors in the underground part of the building can be connected with the atrium only via lockable lobbies pressurised in the case of fire. 6. 4. 7 All premises leading to atrium shall have exits to at least two emergency escape stairs. Distance from doors of the most distant room to entry into a staircase shall be assumed in accordance with Table 6. 1 . 6. 4. 8 Enclosing structures of premises and corridors adjoining the atrium shall have fire-resistance limit EI 45 or better, exit doors of these premises leading into atrium, fire-resistance limit EI 30.Glazed partitions and doors with fire-resistance limit EI15 can be used if they are protected by water curtains. 6. 4. 9 Atrium roof structures shall be of fire risk class and have fire-resistance limit REI 30 or better. 6. 4. 10 Atrium internal surfaces shall have finishes made of non-combustible materials. 6. 4. 11 Wood structures which have been treated with flame retardants can be used as roof (including light-transmitting) materials for halls and atria of buildings with height of 28 m or less. Quality of fire-proofing treatment shall ensure that loss of wood mass during tests described in GOST 4686 will not exceed 13 %. Combustible roofing materials shall not be used closer than 4m away from the edge of light-transmitting roof parts. 6. 4. 2 Skylights, when used in smoke rem oval systems, shall have automatic, remote and manual actuators to open them in case of fire, and shall also have protective mesh underneath if silicate glass is used. Skylights can be made of organic light-transmitting materials that do not form combustible melts when exposed to fire. 6. 4. 13 Windows of premises provided with air conditioning systems can be facing courtyards covered by a light-transmitting roof. Said windows shall have minimum fire-resistance limit E30 or shall be protected by automatic fire extinguishing system arranged over them inside premises. Provision of automatic fire extinguishing systems in double aspect premises (to atrium courtyard and to a street) with access for firemen from fire motor ladders and tower ladders is not mandatory. 7 Safety in use 7. Buildings shall be designed, built and equipped in such a way as to prevent injuries to personnel and visitors moving inside and near the building, entering and existing the building or using building mobile parts and building services. 7. 2 Pitch and width of stairs and ramps, step height, tread width, landing widths, height of passages via stairs, basement, mechanical floor and operated loft, floor level changes and dimensions of door openings shall ensure safe movement of people and convenient transportation of equipment for building premises. Guardrails shall be provided where necessary. Use of stairs with different height and depth of steps is not allowed. 7. Guardrails of stairways, balconies, terraces, roofs and in other locations with hazardous level changes shall be sufficient for prevention of falls and have a height of 0. 9 m minimum. Metal guardrail design shall be in accordance with GOST 25772. Guardrails shall be continuous, provided with handrails and designed for loads of 0. 3 kN/m minimum. 7. 4 Special measures shall be taken to prevent risks of criminal practices and their consequences and to minimise possible damage in case of illegal actions. These measures shall be stated in the Technical Design Assignment in accordance with state departmental documents and regulatory legal acts of local authorities.They can include: use of explosion-proof structures, installation of video surveillance cameras and security alarm systems, special layout solutions for crowd control, various barriers, access control stations, strengthening of entry door structures, window protection, protective devices for windows, appropriate equipment of lofts, basements and other premises. 7. 5 Sites of high-security institution buildings shall have fencing with height from the ground level of at least 2. 5 m and foundations buried to a depth of 0. 5 m minimum. At least 3m wide land strip, free from structures, trees and bushes, shall be provided from the inside and outside of the fencing. 7. 6 Vehicle entries to the security protected site shall be provided with automatic rolling gates controlled from duty security guard station and provided with appropriate engineering prot ection.Premises of security guard station shall allow visual control of the main entrance into the building and, if possible, vehicle access to the site and entrance into the basement floor. 7. 7 Windows of premises on basement, semi-basement and ground floors, as well as windows of other premises that can be accessed from lean-to buildings shall be provided with window grilles of design that both prevents access and conforms to fire prevention requirements. Windows of other premises shall be provided with grilles if required by the Technical Design Assignment. They shall be openable in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards. 7. To prevent break-ins and theft of valuables and information stored in special premises and for other purposes stated in the Technical Design Assignment, such premises shall be provided with strengthened enclosing structures and special doors and openings. If required by the Technical Design Assignment, access control systems shall be installed in IT, communications and other premises. 7. 9 To ensure confidentiality of negotiations, walls and doors of rooms and premises indicated in the Technical Design Assignment shall be soundproofed, double doors shall be provided. 7. 10 Structural design of building elements (including arrangement of hollow spaces, methods of sealing pipeline penetrations through structures, provision of ventilation openings and placement of heat insulation) shall ensure protection from rodent invasion. 7. 1 Buildings services shall be designed and installed taking into account safety requirements contained in relative regulations of state supervision authorities and instructions of equipment manufacturers. In addition to the above: – surface temperature of exposed parts of heating appliances and heating supply pipelines shall not exceed 70 °? if no measures to prevent accidental burns have been taken or 90 °? in other cases; surface temperature of other pipelines shall not exceed 40 °?; – hot air temperature at the distance of 10cm from outlets of air heating appliances shall not exceed 70 °?; – temperature of hot water in hot water supply system shall not exceed 60 °?. 7. 2 In buildings being constructed in seismic activity regions, apparatus and devices that, if moved, can cause fires or explosions shall be securely fixed. 7. 13 Buildings with 9 or more storeys shall be provided with facilities for fixing electrically driven travelling cradles for safe repairs and facade cleaning. 7. 14 Buildings with 9 or more storeys and flat roofs shall be provided with internal water drains with discharge into external rainwater drainage system or, if the latter is not available, onto ground surface. In this case measures shall be taken to prevent freezing of risers in winter. 7. 15 Premises of built-in saunas shall not be placed on basement floors or adjacent to premises where more than 100 persons can be present.Built-in saunas shall be designed taking into account the following requirements: 1. Volume of steam rooms shall be between 8 m3 and 24 m3, capacity shall not exceed 10 persons. 2. In buildings with fire-resistance ratings I, II, III, sauna premises shall be separated by Type 1 partitions and Type 2 floor structures, in buildings with fire-resistance rating IV, by fire-rated partitions and floor structures fire-resistance limit REI 60 or better. 3. Sauna block shall be provided with isolated escape exit leading outside; exits shall not lead directly into entrance halls, other halls or staircases designed for evacuation of people from the building. 4.Power rating of electric sauna heater shall be suitable for the steam room volume (as per instructions of heater manufacturer) and therefore shall not exceed 15kW. Electric heater shall switch off automatically after 8 hours of continuous operation. 5. Height of steam room shall not be greater than 1. 9m. 6. Distance between electric heater and wall boarding of steam roo m shall be at least 20cm. 7. Non-combustible heat insulation panel shall be provided directly above the electric heater. Distance between the heat insulation panel and ceiling boarding shall be at least 5cm. 8. Temperature inside the steam room shall be automatically maintained at a level not greater than 110 °?. 9.The steam room shall be provided with natural supply and exhaust ventilation. 10. Steam room boarding shall not be made of resinous wood. 11. Around steam room perimeter, drencher devices shall be installed with controls located next to the steam room entrance. 12. Power supply cables shall have heat resistance protective cover designed for the maximum permissible temperature in the steam room. 13. Electric heater control panel shall be installed in a dry room in front of the steam room. 14. A gap between steam room door and floor shall be at least 30 mm. 15. Sauna changing rooms shall be provided with smoke alarms. 8 Compliance with sanitary and epidemiological require ments 8. Building design and construction shall include measures established by this document and ensuring compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements to public health and environmental protection. 8. 2 Levels of natural and artificial illumination in building premises shall be in accordance with the requirements of MSN 2. 04-05. Provision of natural lighting is not mandatory for: premises of basement floors (see Appendix D), conference rooms and lobbies, sports and recreational premises, massage cabinets, dry and steam sauna rooms, car park premises and buffets. Clerestory lighting only can be provided in premises that are allowed to be designed without natural lighting and changing rooms of health centres.In permanently manned premises or premises that shall be protected from sun rays or overheating for process of hygiene reasons, light-transmitting openings with orientation within the range of 130-315 ° shall be provided with sun protection if buildings are to be constructed in areas with average monthly temperature in July of 21 °? and greater. 8. 3 Design of HVAC systems shall be in accordance with the current codes and standards. 8. 4 Microclimate parameters inside premises shall be assumed in accordance with GOST 30494. For winter, optimum parameters shall be assumed as design parameters, for summer, permissible parameters can be assumed as design parameters. 8. 5 For some production and technical premises (workshops, laboratories, stores, printing rooms, etc. ) permissible parameters shall be assumed as design microclimate parameters taking into account the requirements of current codes and standards. 8. 6 Volumes of outside air supply shall be in accordance with Table 8. . Table 8. 1 Premises  Ã‚  | Volume of supplied outside air (at least)| | during working hours(in operating mode)| outside working hours(in standby mode)| Work offices of employees| 20 m3/hr-person (4 m3/hr-m2)| 0. 2 air changes per hour| Offices| 3 m3/hr-m2| 0. 2 air changes per hour| Conference rooms Meeting rooms| 20 m3/hr per person| 0. 2 air changes per hour| Smoking rooms| 10 air changes per hour| 0. 5 air changes per hour| Toilets| 25 and 1hr per one cabin (10 air changes per hour)| 0. 5 hr| Shower rooms| 20 m3/hr per shower head| 0. 2 air changes per hour| Washing rooms| 20 m3/hr| 0. 2 air changes per hour| Store rooms, archives| 0. air changes per hour| 0. 5 air changes per hour| Building maintenance premises: without emissions of noxious substances; containing noxious substances|   Ã‚  3 air changes/hrin accordance with noxious substance assimilation calculations|   Ã‚  0. 2 air changes per hour0. 5 air changes per hour| Notes: 1. Permissible values are given in brackets. 2. In work premises and offices without natural ventilation, air supply rate shall be 60 m3/hr per person. | 8. 7 Individual exhaust ventilation systems shall be provided for: – lavatories and smoking rooms; – work premises, offices, etc. ; â€⠀œ premises of public catering enterprises; – protection, technical and storage premises. 8. Air removal from work premises with area less than 35 m2 can be by air flow into a corridor. 8. 9 If requested by the client, Class 3 air conditioning systems can be provided in archives with valuable documents and depositories. 8. 10 Air recirculation inside permanently manned premises is allowed outside working hours only. 8. 11 Premises of 1-3 storey high buildings with design number of employees less than 300 persons can be provided with natural exhaust ventilation systems. 8. 12 Premises that are not equipped with forced supply ventilation systems shall be provided with openable air vents or outside air supply valves placed at a height above the floor level of 2m minimum. 8. 3 Common ventilation systems can be provided for all premises, with the exception of conference rooms, premises of public catering enterprises, projection rooms and battery rooms which shall be provided with individual supply ventilation systems. 8. 14 In mockup construction workshops and other premises with possible dust and aerosol emissions, volume of air to be removed via an exhaust cabinet shall be determined depending on air flow speed in the cabinet design opening in accordance with Table 8. 2. Table 8. 2 Maximum permitted concentrations of noxious substances in the work zone, mg/m3| Air flow speed in cabinet design opening, m/s| Greater than 10| 0. 5| From 10 to 0. 1| 0. 7| Less than 0. 1| 1|Note: If work is associated with emissions of dust and aerosols containing Hazard Class 1, 2 and 3 substances, air flow speed in the cabinet design opening shall be assumed as equal to 1. 2-1. 5 m/s, that for explosive substances, as equal to 1 m/s. | 8. 15 Supply air shall be fed directly into the premises with emissions of noxious substances in a volume equal to 90% of air removed by exhaust systems, the remaining amount of air (10%) shall be fed into a corridor of hall. 8. 16 If a refuse chute is provided, it shall be equipped with devices for periodical washing, cleaning, disinfection and sprinkling. Refuse chute shall be airtight and soundproofed and shall not be located adjacent to permanently manned service premises. Refuse collection chamber shall not be located under or adjacent to permanently manned premises.In management institutions, scientific research institutes and research and development organisations with staff amounting to 800 persons or more, as well as in buildings of institutions with high level sanitary and hygiene requirements, a centralised or combined vacuum dust removal system shall be provided. Requirement for centralised or combined vacuum dust removal systems in other buildings shall be established in the Technical Design Assignment. In design of a combined vacuum dust removal system, service area for one receiving valve shall be assumed as equal to 50m maximum. If centralised or combined vacuum dust removal is not provided, a chamber for cleaning vacuum cleaner ilters shall be designed in accordance with the Technical Design Assignment. 8. 17 Lift shafts and machine rooms and other premises containing noisy equipment shall not be placed adjacent to permanently manned work premises and offices. 8. 18 If personal computers are used in work premises, the requirements of current codes and standards shall be taken into account. 8. 19 Materials and finished products used in construction and subject to hygiene assessment in accordance with approved lists of products and goods, shall have hygiene assessment conclusions issued by bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service. 9 Energy conservation 9. Buildings shall be designed and built in such a way as to ensure efficient use of non-renewable energy resources during operation while meeting the established requirements to microclimate in premises. 9. 2 Heat insulation properties of building structures shall be determined in accordance with curren t codes and standards on the basis of standard factored heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures (it is also allowed to use standard specific heat consumption for building heating and ventilation for the whole heating period). This document stipulates mandatory minimum requirements to heat insulation of buildings. More stringent requirements established by the client can be applied in the design of buildings to ensure more economical use of energy resources. . 3 Ambient air design parameters shall be assumed in accordance with MSN 2. 04-01 and other current codes and standards. Design temperature of indoor air for calculation of heat engineering characteristics and design of enclosing structures shall be assumed as equal to 18  °?. 9. 4 Area of light-transmitting surfaces of enclosing structures shall not exceed 20 % of the total wall area. Area of light-transmitting enclosing structures can be increased up to 30 % if factored heat transfer resistance of such structures ex ceeds 0. 56 m2 *  °?/W. 9. 5 Building services shall be provided with means for automatic and manual control of air temperature.In case of centralised supply of cold and hot water, electric power, gas and heat when a building houses several groups of premises belonging to different organisations or owners, each group of premises shall be provided with individual electricity and water meters. 9. 6 Each building shall be provided with heat engineering passport containing heat insulation characteristics of structures and power consumption data of the building and its' equipment. 9. 7 Heat insulation performance and energy efficiency of structures and elements of building services shall be preliminary confirmed by tests. 9. 8 Normally, heat shall be supplied to buildings from a central heat supply station with mandatory installation of a heat meter. 9. 9 Normally, heat for heating, ventilation and hot water supply purposes shall be supplied from the heat supply station via separate pi pelines. 9. 0 Heat supply for buildings or individual groups of premises can be provided from centralised, stand-alone or individual heat sources in accordance with the current codes and standards. In case of multi-storey buildings, gas fired heat generators shall have enclosed burners and adjustable gas burner devices. 9. 11 Building heating systems shall be fitted with devices that allow to reduce heat flow outside working hours. 9. 12 Hot air and air curtains for the main building entrances shall be provided if design ambient air temperature of the coldest five day period is minus 15  °? (design parameters B) or lower and the number of personnel working in the building exceeds 200. 10 Durability and maintainability 10. Buildings that have been designed and built in accordance with current construction norms shall retain their strength and stability of load-bearing structures for the period stated in the Technical Design Assignment, subject to systematic maintenance and complian ce with operation procedures and repair schedule established by operation instructions indicated in Item 4. 17 of this document. 10. 2 In design of building refurbishment, factors that reduce durability shall be taken into account, these are: unexpected impacts associated with changes in operating and environmental conditions and, as a result, changes in physical and mechanical (or chemical) properties of materials of load-bearing and enclosing structures. 10. 3 Main non-repairable building elements that determine strength, stability and service life of the building shall retain their properties within allowable limits taking into account the requirements of GOST 27751 and construction norms for structures made of respective materials. 10. Elements, parts and equipment with service life shorter than service life of the building shall be replaceable in accordance with intervals between repairs indicated in operation instructions taking into account the requirements of the Technical D esign Assignment. Decision regarding use of more or less durable elements, materials or equipment due to respective extension or reduction of intervals between repairs shall be based on technical and economic calculations. 10. 5 Structures and elements shall be made of materials that are resistant to moisture, very high and low temperatures, corrosive environments and other adverse impacts and protected in accordance with the current codes and standards.If necessary, measures shall be taken to prevent ingress of rain, melt and ground water inside load-bearing and enclosing structures and moisture condensation in external enclosing structures by proper water-proofing of structures or provision of ventilation in closed and air spaces. The required protective formulations and coatings shall be applied in accordance with the requirements of current codes and standards. 10. 6 Joints of pre-assembled elements and multi-layer structures shall be designed to withstand temperature deformatio ns and forces generated by uneven settlement of soil bases and under other impacts during operation. Sealing and weatherproofing materials used in joints shall retain their elastic and adhesive properties when exposed to sub-zero temperatures, wetting and ultraviolet rays.Weatherproofing materials shall be compatible with materials of protective and decorative facings of structures in joint locations. 10. 7 Equipment, valves and devices of building services, as well as their connections shall be provided with access for inspection, maintenance, repairs and replacement as necessary. Equipment and pipelines sensitive to low temperatures shall be provided with appropriated protection. 10. 8 In case of construction of buildings in areas with complex geology conditions, in seismically active areas, in areas with soil undermining, subsidence and other soil deformations, including frost heaving, entries of utility lines into buildings shall be made taking into account the necessary compens ation of possible soil base movements.Equipment and pipelines shall be fixed to building structures in such a way as to ensure that their operability is not impaired in case of possible movements of structures. Appendix ? (Mandatory) References MSN 1. 01-01-96| System of interstate codes and standards on construction. | MSN 2. 02-01-97| Fire safety of buildings and structures. | MSN 2. 02-05-2000| Car parks. | MSN 2. 04-01-98| Construction climatology. | MSN 2. 04-05-95| Natural and artificial lighting. | GOST 12. 1. 033-81| Occupational Safety Standards System. Fire safety. Terms and definitions| GOST 16363-98| Wood-protecting preparations. Method for determination of fire-proofing properties. GOST 25772-83| Steel guardrails of stairways, balconies, and roofs. | GOST 30494-96| Reliability of construction structures and bases. Basic provisions on calculations. | GOST 27751-88| Residential and public buildings. Indoor environmental conditions. | Note: In the case of abolition of code s and standards referenced herein, the documents effected to replace the abolished documents shall be used. | Appendix B (Mandatory) Terms and definitions Atrium is a large several stories high space located within a building, with galleries on each floor where door and light openings of different purpose premises adjoining the galleries are leading into. Lift hall is a hall in front of a lift entry.Loggia is a feature that, horizontally, has enclosing structures on three sides and is open to the air on one side, with depth restricted by natural illumination requirements of the adjoining internal premises of the building. Attic window is a window that protrudes from a sloping roof surface. Lobby is space between doors providing protection from ingress of cold air, smoke and smells at entrances to buildings, staircases or premises. Loft is a space between roof (external wall) structures and the ceiling structure of the top storey. Attic floor (attic) is a floor of loft space with fac ade fully or partially formed by slanted or gambrel roof surface(s), with with line of crossing of roof and facade plane not higher than 1. 5 m from the attic floor level.Above-ground floor is a storey with a floor level not lower than the ground reference level. Basement floor a storey with a floor level lower than the ground reference level by more than half the height of the premises. Mechanical floor is a storey that is dedicated to service equipment and utilities. Can be located in the lower part (basement mechanical floor), upper part (loft mechanical floor) or middle part of a building. Semi-basement floor is a storey with a floor level lower than the ground reference level by half the height of the room maximum. Appendix C (Mandatory) Rules for calculating the total area of buildings, area of premises, total structural volume, footprint area and number of building floors during design Total area of the building shall be determined as a sum of floor areas measured within the limits of internal finished surfaces of external walls at the floor level (not taking into account skirting boards) plus area of mezzanines, passages leading to other buildings, loggias, terraces, galleries and balconies. Area of spaces that are several stories high (atria), internal staircases, lift and other shafts shall be included in the total area within the limits of one floor only. Area of attic floor shall be measured within the boundaries of external wall internal surfaces and attic walls adjacent to loft spaces. Areas of underground spaces (including basement mechanical floor) having a height to bottom of structures less than 1. 8 m and underground spaces designed for building ventilation, unused lofts, loft mechanical floor with height from floor level to bottom of protruding structures less than 1. m, lockable lobbies of staircases, porticoes, porches, external open ramps and stairs and intermediate landings of internal stairs shall not be included in the total area. 2 A reas of building premises shall be determined on the basis of their dimensions measured between finished wall and partition surfaces at the floor level (skirting boards shall not be taken into account). Area of attic floor premises shall be calculated with application of reduction factor of 0. 7 within the sloping ceiling (wall) area up to 1. 5m when the slope is 30 °, up to 1. 1m when the slope is 45 ° and up to 0. 5m when the slope is 60 ° or greater. 3 The total structural volume of buildings shall be determined as a sum of structural volume above the level of  ± 0. 00 (above-ground part) and below this level (underground part).The total structural volume of building above-ground and underground part shall be determined within bounding surfaces, enclosing structures, skylights, domes, etc. starting from the clear floor level of each part of the building, whereas protruding architectural and structural elements, basement channels, porticoes, terraces, balconies, driveways and spaces under buildings installed on supports (clear spaces) and basements under buildings shall not be taken into account. 4 Building footprint area shall be determined as area of horizontal section along building external contour at plinth wall level, including protruding elements. Footprint area of buildings installed on posts and driveways under buildings shall be included. During determination of a number of building storeys, all above-ground storeys shall be counted, including mechanical and attic floors, as well as semi-basement floor with top of ceiling structure higher than the grade level by at least 2m. Basement under the building, regardless of its' height, shall not be included in the number of above-ground storeys. If the number of storeys in different part of the building is not equal or if the building is built on a site with a slope that results in increase of the number of storeys, the number of storeys shall be determined for each part of the building separatel y. If the number of storeys is being determined to calculate the required number of lifts or floor area within a fire compartment in accordance with Table 6. 4, mechanical floor located above the top floor shall not be taken into account. Appendix D (Mandatory)