Thomas Hobbes Analysis Essay Example For Students

Thomas Hobbes Analysis Essay Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher who was lived from 1588-1679. He attended Oxford University where he studied classics. His occupation was a tutor, but he also traveled around Europe to meet with scientists and to study different forms of government. He became interested in why people allowed themselves to be ruled, and what would be the best form of government for England. Thomas Hobbes was the first great figure in modern moral philosophy. Hobbes had a pessimistic view of people; he believed humans were selfish creatures who would do anything to better their positions. He also thought that people could not be trusted to make decisions on their own, and a country needed an authority figure to provide direction and leadership. Therefore, Hobbes believed in an absolute monarchy a government that gave all power to a king or queen. He also thought that people should obey their king, even if he is a tyrant. He said that because people were only interested in promoting their own self-interests, democracy would never work. In fact, he thought democracy was very dangerous. But even though he distrusted democracy, he believed that a diverse group of representatives presenting the problems of the common person would prevent a king from being unfair and cruel. Hobbes coined the phrase, Voice of the people, meaning one person could be chosen to represent a group with similar views. We will write a custom essay on Thomas Hobbes Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In 1651, Thomas Hobbes wrote his famous work, Leviathan which put into writing his views on democracy and monarchy. In this work, he said that life in the state of nature is nasty, brutish, and short and without government, we would be living in this state of nature. Hobbes ideas that people should decide how they should be ruled set the stage for the social contract proposed some years later by John Locke. Society makes a kind of contract with itself to give power to a ruling body. In Leviathan Hobbes also said that nations are like people in that they are selfishly motivated, and that every country was in constant battle for power and wealth. He wanted people to stop fighting and relinquish control to a single ruler. Hobbes ideas werent just about government, though. He was one of the strongest opponents to the idea of spirituality. He believed in materialism that everything that happens is a result of the physical world, and that the soul does not exist. According to Hobbes, nature is made up of material matter there is nothing spiritual or magical about it. Hobbes didnt like the idea of spirit in the mind, because he felt it led people to cause trouble by claiming they were directly in contact with God. In fact, during Thomas Hobbes life, people often used spirituality as an excuse to disobey the government and the church. Hobbes believed that all thoughts and sensations in the mind are produced mechanically by the senses and the brain, but the problem is that our mind doesnt always tell us the truth, it often tells us things we want to believe, or things that were afraid might be true.

Caribbean Studies, History Essays

Caribbean Studies, History Essays Caribbean Studies, History Essay Caribbean Studies, History Essay Peasantry Peasantry in the Caribbean dates back to 1838. Technically, peasantry is a combination of the cultivation of a variety of goods and the raising of a variety of animals on fairly small pieces of property without the aid of hired labour and largely for subsistence purposes. Brierly and Ruben (1988) describe peasants as typically economically deprived people at the lower strata off society. Characteristics of Caribbean peasantry Historically existed on the crevices of society – any area where the main economic activities of the Europeans did not have control. Historically the peasantry existed in opposition to and in competition with the plantation despite their interdependence. According to Marshall, Caribbean peasantries incorporated non-agricultural activities such as fishing, shop keeping, and casual estate work. Caribbean peasantries have always involved the production of some goods for sale in local markets. Types of peasant communities in the Caribbean Europea n peasant communities Runaway slave communities – The maroons of Jamaica, Spanish Santo Domingo and Suriname for examples. (Many of these maroons traded products for weapons and or clothes. ) Slave farms on the plantation Significance and contribution of the peasantry to Caribbean society – â€Å"Emancipation in Action† (Sidney Mintz and Woodville Marshall) Social Enhanced money and time management skills of slaves and later ex-slaves. Engendered self-reliance, planning and political awareness among ex-slaves. Maintaining social and economic stability in rural and non-plantation areas via attempts to build self-generating communities, villages, churches, schools etc. Soften the rigid class divisions that existed Cultural New and renewed cuisines Artistry and artisanship Economic Slaves learnt cultivation skills and soil management. Added to the establishment of the local cooperatives movement and P. C. Banks Added to the export and trade of Caribbean c ountries via the diversification of agricultural produce Increases self-sufficiency especially in the export markets Difficulties Ex-slaves had tremendous difficulty in legally acquiring land due largely to government polices and planters’ activities. Completion from non-agricultural activities such as bauxite, tourism and oil in Trinidad; Migration particularly after 1945; Poor living standards for many peasants; Shortage of resources (capital, knowledge, storage and transportation facilities) Completion from cheaper imports Wasteful agricultural practices.

Meghalaya's Living Bridges Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Meghalaya's Living Bridges - Research Paper Example Normal bridges are not viable in this region, as they would be damaged easily by rain of such magnitude. The living bridge gain strength with time and survive for a number of years. These bridges are strong and sturdy and can support even more than 50 people at once (BBC Series Web). Living bridges are only found in Meghalaya region and can hardly been seen in any other part of the world. This is considered unique and attracts a many people from various parts of the world. Actually, the Meghalaya community has been advised to continue nurturing the living bridges since they are a strong tourist attraction. The purpose of the living bridge is for people to go across rivers and streams during the rainy season that is estimated to be 25 meters. In addition, this region has many rivers that are fast flowing .Small rivers and streams rise above their normal height and become impassable on rainy season. These living bridges act as a solution to crossing such streams and bridges (BBC Series Web). These living bridges are complex in nature but managed and maintained by skillful biological engineering of roots of rubber

Nutri Natural, Herbal, and Vitamin Supplements Research Paper

Nutri Natural, Herbal, and Vitamin Supplements - Research Paper Example The competition is what poses the greatest threat to entrants in the market as they have to consider bridging any gaps between what the consumer wants and what is being provided for them in the market. Unfortunately, more organizations in the market translate to the consumer having more bargaining power, which is never a good thing for the company. The paper seeks to identify the competition that will face Nutri Natural, Herbal, and Vitamin Supplements as it enters the market. It is fair to say that there is no single market that is not prone to competition. Naturally, an investor identifies a consumer need and develops a product that will satisfy the need. Later, the demand for the commodity increases and the company makes increased profits. As other investors note the growing demand, they develop their own version of the products. More investors join the market flooding it and bringing more choices to the consumer. Eventually, only those manufacturers that have a competitive edge r emain in business or make any profit. Nutri’s entry to the market will face stiff competition from popular manufacturers of food supplements and vitamins. These competitors include but are not limited to Bayer, Seven Seas, Bayenica, and Boots (Leah 10). Internet use has become widespread over the past decade. However, not every company has utilized the full potential of using the internet to market its products. The advent of social media has made online marketing more effective as a platform for companies to use to create awareness of the products offered. A company that takes advantage of every opportunity they have to market their goods becomes the best possible way to remain competitive and thus profitable. Nutri is aiming to take full advantage of what technology offers companies and will be using an online platform to sell the supplements.  

Annotated bibliography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Annotated bibliography - Assignment Example The dancers therefore wore appropriate costumes and practiced sophisticated dance moves. The French noble created the minuet, which became popular at the time. The dance involved systematic movement of the legs and hands among other body parts. The dancers maintained harmony as they moved the various parts systematically and in tandem with the rhythm of the music. Hilton Wendy and Susan Bindig trace the life of Hilton Wendy, a renowned choreographer, dancer, teacher and dance scholar. In doing this, the two discover the relationship between the various classical dance styles thereby showing that the classical baroque dance metamorphosed into numerous other successive dance styles possibly having influence in some of the contemporary dance styles. They explain that baroque dance just as any other dance style was a cultural product associated with the baroque music. Dancers at the time wore systematic costumes that enhance their body movements as they danced to the sophisticated baroque music. Harmony was an overriding thematic issue in the various dance styles in the baroque era. The two scholars investigation Hilton’s evidence of the relationship in various dance styles beginning with ballerina to ballet among many others before ending with the French Noble style which was a major genre of the baroque dance between 1690 and 1725. Such a systematic relationship between the various dance-styles that became popular in various eras proves their thesis that as a cultural concept, dance has transmuted sequentially through time. Sparti, Barbara. Breaking down barriers in the study of Renaissance and baroque dame. Dance Chronicles Volume 19, Issue 3. 255-276, 1996. Internet resource. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ref/10.1080/01472529608569249#tabModule Sparti Barbara sets to clarify the difference between renaissance and the baroque dance, which appear confusing to most people. She begins by explaining that the

Strategies for Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty

Strategies for Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty Abstract This research aims at to provide the strategies which can be employed by company in order to establish customer satisfaction and customer loyalty by looking at the case of Thai square which is the famous Thai restaurant in London regarding to its reputation. Since customer relationship management is gaining more important to businesses. Many companies try to solve their problem by applying customer relationship management such as the motivation of staff , staff training , method of increasing customer satisfaction, how to gain customer loyalty. These factors can lead to building customer loyalty in the future. In the part of literature review will emphasize on the basis theories which are relevant to the customer relationship management. This research contains the motivation theory , staff training , customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. By achieving this research purpose , this research employs secondary and primary data. The primary data was acquired by a questionnaire survey which is the methodology of this research. Regarding to the questionnaire for staffs , there are 20 respondents who participated in this research as well as there are 100 respondents who walk into and eat at Thai square restaurant who responded to the questionnaire for customers. The sample size of this research is Thai square restaurant (Minories). To conduct this research researcher used both primary and secondary data achieved by self à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" administered questionnaire. By analysing primary data from the questionnaire , the SPSS and Microsoft Office excel was used to achieve it. The statistical method was applied to analyse the result of this research. The results illustrate what factors could gain customer satisfaction , how successful the staff performance after being trained , how well staff can achieve companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ objectives. This research also provides recommendations for company and the further research so that company can improve the customer relationship management as well as can gain more customer loyalty in the future. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview Nowadays, the consumer behaviour has been changed from the product centred stage to the customer cantered stage . Moreover, the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behaviour has been changing. Mudie Pirrie (2006 p.7 ). When they purchase product , they expect not only good product , quality and design but they also expect on service. Therefore, the service has been the significant reason in decision à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" making process. Since many business have been trying to improve and develop their strategy in order to meet the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s need rather than the products. All organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s achievement has to give an important to the customers. Companies need to recognize all details of their customers such as the details about what customer need , who they are , what they buy, when and where they buy , how often and how much they spend. Moreover, companies have to evaluate approximately the customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ behaviour in order to predict what customers will do in the future. In addition, companies should establish the database of their customer and profile so that they can keep contact and advertise new promotion. These has been the knowledge of company which have been assumed as the asset of company. The managing customer relationships strategies is the essential process. By emphasizing on customer relationship management , companies may increase their abilities in knowing what customers need. Moreover, customer relationship management can help companies to target potential customers and to cut unnecessary cost and gain higher return on investment. As the staff motivation and training is a part of the Human Resource Management. There is a connection between customer relationship management and Human Resource Management because customer relationship management relies on staffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s effectiveness and moral. Customer relationship management focuses on customers. To satisfy them , companies need to develop their staffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ effectiveness and moral using motivation and training method. By doing so , companies may gain customer satisfaction and customer loyalty which are companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ objectives. Customer relationships management strategy has generally been companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s strategy in managing customer relationship so that companies can retain their customers and increase customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ satisfaction and loyalty (Blazey 2006 p.136)(Kumar 2006 p. 156-157) Companies are focusing on customer retention , customer loyalty and customer satisfaction as a key management objectives. The one objective of customer relationship management is the advertising of customer loyalty .(Peppers Rogers 2004 p.12). The greatest benefit of customer service is customer loyalty (Tschohl Franzmeier 1996 p.20).Loyal customers are forcing organization changes.(Montano 2005 p.332)and can improve employee morale and productivity because customers respond positively to company. (Tschohl and Franzmeier 1996 p.20). The motivation for loyal customer based on better products, better service and better market value.(Montano 2005 p.332) . The manager is more likely to achieve improved levels of motivation(Nieto 2006 p.108) Companies have to motivate staff to participate in training process for improving staff performance so that they can achieve customer relationships management strategy. Organization tend to concentrate on performance management and rewards to elicit employee cooperation ,supporting the value management and employee relations in workforce. (Nieto 2006 p.108) 1.2 Aims and Objectives The objective of this research is to provide the strategies which can be employed by company in order to establish customer satisfaction and customer loyalty and to improve employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance to achieve objective in the future. The objectives are that : 1. To evaluate the customer satisfaction which may lead to customer loyalty 2. To explain the relationship between motivation of staff and staff training as well as their effectiveness to improve customer service in order to satisfy customer 3. To establish the appropriate strategies for restaurants in terms of customer relationship management. 4. To give an advice for restaurant , staffs on how to improve their potential in providing so as to satisfy customer. 1.3 Organization background The Thai Square Restaurant Group was founded in 1996 when the first Thai Square opened in The Strand in central London. Thai square restaurant aims to maintain the leader status in the London market and sustainable growth of Thai restaurant market. The currently competition is intensive and the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behaviour have been changing very rapidly. Many competitors can soon gain the competitive advantage and also gain more market share eventually. The company creates challenges with authentic Thai food, fresh ingredients , excellent service as well as restaurantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s design and decoration to be unique and different from the competitors. To address these challenges, the company need to provide a great service in order to gain customer satisfaction and loyalty. Thai square has planned to add value to the customers by capturing customer feedback received by telephone, e-mail, and establishing a knowledge base of problems and solutions. (Interview with resta urant manager of Thai square (Minories) According to the restaurant review, the customers choose Thai square restaurant because its decoration , quality of food and service however the price of food and drink in Thai square restaurant when compare to the competitors is quite high especially todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economics is critic and the customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ behaviour have been changing. They may choose to spent on food and drink which is not too expensive and value for money. Therefore, they will choose somewhere else which is cheaper even if it is not good as Thai square. The increasing competitors and changing consumer behaviour are forcing company to apply the managing customer relationships strategies such as customer loyalty , customer loyalty and customer service so as to meet customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ need. Thai square uses the concept of managing customer relationships strategies to be the optimal solution for this case. (Interview with manager of Thai square (Minories)) In the case of Thai square restaurant, the company grew at a lower rate than last year (2008). Net profit declined by 23% from last year due to economic crisis. In addition, it is affected from changing consumer behaviour.The company applied the idea of customer relationship strategies to meet the customer satisfaction and consequently increase customer loyalty. 1.4 Research Structure The structure of research consists of 6 chapters is as follows; Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter contains aims and objectives of research , organization background which is a case study of this research as well as the structure of this research. Chapter 2: Literature review This chapter focus on all theory and strategies that relate to this research such as motivation theory , staff training , customer service , customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Chapter 3: Methodology This chapter describe what methodology can be employed in research and what methodology which is applied by this research. This chapter also contains the objectives and goal of this research, research design , sampling method , data collection and data analysis technique as well as the validity of this research. Chapter 4: Data analysis This stage is using Microsoft office excel (Excel) and SPSS program to analyses questionnaireà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s data. As well as this process will be evaluated data into percentage and mean score in order to show result by bar chart and pie chart in next step. Bar chart and pie chart will help to easily understand the research topic in each questionnaire Chapter 5: Conclusion This chapter provide the conclusion of the questionnaire result is provided to answer the research aims and objectives. Chapter 6 : Recommendations This chapter provide some recommendations for company and its employee as well as further research. Chapter 2 Literature Review As a result of competitive business situation , many businesses need to pay attention to the new method in retaining and creating new customers. Customer loyalty lead to profitability. Companies should develop positive relationship with customers by increasing customer satisfaction. Since customer satisfaction has been an important to establish long à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" term relationships which may result in customer loyalty and long à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" run businesses. It is widely known that the cost of retaining an existing customer is much cheaper than attaining a new customer. In addition, increasing a customer loyalty may be achieved by the level of service which is delivered by company. Companies need to develop the quality of service by increasing responsiveness , fulfilling customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs as well as providing consistent service. In many business industries, customer satisfaction has been used as the guiding principle for developing customer relationship management strategies as well as organizing business activities. 2.1 Theories of Motivation 2.1.1 Introduction The motivation in work is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The processes by which people are enabled to and induced to choose to behave in particular ways (Stevens 2005 p.90). As a result, The motivation could be maintained and improved if it was related with a seek for the methods by the job performance and productivity of members 2.1.2 Need Based Theories The previous idea of human motivation was based on the concept of self-satisfaction which human tries to meet with the happiness and relieve and tries to avoid sadness and distress. However ,this statement, whilst being apparently rational, cannot clarify many ways of human behavior. For example, why do the volunteer charity workers offer their time and attempt for nothing? Why do amateur athletes exert such high levels of effort, whereas a hedonist would prefer to relax? Researchers started to understand that human has other needs and desires which cannot be given an explanation under such a restricted observation of human behavior as hedonism. Therefore, there is the basic principle of needs theories which human motivation is resulted from the absence of an important needs.(Argenti 2002 p.89) Figure 2.1: The Motivation Framework Source: Griffin, R.W. (2003), Fundamentals of Management- Core Concepts and Applications (3rd edn), Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 2.1.3 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Yeatts and Hyten (1998 p.62) regarded motivation as a continually changing desire to fulfill changing needs. Maslow supposed that human needs arose in a hierarchy of importance, that was called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"prepotencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Only the motivators will play a role on the next stage of needs in the hierarchy. Therefore, the act as motivators would be ended when the stage of needs has been fulfilled and the person will pay directly the attention to the next stage of needs in the hierarchy. Maslowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hierarchy of needs is shown in Figure Physiological needs (Food, water, shelter) Safety needs (security, protection) Social needs (sense of belonging, Love) Esteem needs (status, self-esteem) Actualisation Needs (Self-development) Self- Figure 2.2: Maslowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Hierarchy of Needs 2.1.4 Motivation-Hygiene Theory The research observed the link between job satisfaction and productivity with 200 engineers and accountants. The research outcome was the motivation hygiene theory of Herzberg, which proposes that certain factors (intrinsic factors)can result in job satisfaction, while others (hygiene factors) can prevent from dissatisfaction but cannot stimulate satisfaction. Herzberg at el (1959 p.102). Intrinsic factors are factors which are inherent to the job, for instance , the satisfaction of the job itself as well as the recognition and development for success , the availability of chances for the responsibility. On the other hand , hygiene factors are relevant to the environment in which the job performance is achieved. The hygiene factors consist of working conditions , supervision and interpersonal relations , salary as well as the policy and administration of organization. Besides, the importance prerequisite factor , which is needed to influence humanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s motivation, is regarded as the hygiene factors. The motivation factor would be able to proceed on the staff and establish job satisfaction and productivity if there were à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"goodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ hygiene factors which lead the staff to be in a form of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"no dissatisfactionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Consequently, to encourage staffs towards higher productivity, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“while it is important to ensure that the hygiene factors are correct, the manager must manipulate the motivation by attending to job-content issues (e.g. job-enrichment)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Carson at el 1997 p.136). Job- enrichment entails redesigning jobs to make them more interesting and challenging by allowing provisions to be made for increased responsibility, creativity and autonomy. The Herzbergà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ research has been criticized because of the research itself and the biased collection of sample (see Holloway 1991). Holloway (1991 p.1) stated that the clerical and production workers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"did not produce the accounts he was seeking, he didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t sample themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Goldthorpe et al (1968 p.11) suggests that other types of employee (such as assembly-line workers) may indeed view work in the way expressed by scientific management and be primarily motivated by financial incentives. A case of workers being primarily motivated by what Herzberg regards as a hygiene factor. The important point to be made from the criticism of Herzberg and from the work of Goldthorpe et al. is that no one theory, be it human relations or scientific management, is likely to apply universally. Different socio-economic groups appear to attach different meanings or have different orientations towards and work (Parker 1972 p.200). While different group s of people may have different attitudes towards work, they are also likely to react differently towards management policies. A model of worker motivation should therefore be able to differentiate between different types of worker and treat the wants, expectations and attitudes towards work as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"culturally determined variables, not psychological constantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Goldthorpe 1968 p.178). As a result of the differences of each staff , company should apply a motivation policy so as to encourage an individual behavior and characteristic of its staff. To motivate people with different need and different characteristics is difficult but it would be rewarding and challenging. It can be said that hope is the magic component of motivation. The motivation factors help staffs to do a better job and to increase productivity(Steinberg 1976 p.123) ( Kamin 2002 p.87). The theorists propose that there are four strongest motivation factors which are the achievement : feeing personnel accomplishment for having done a job well , the recognition : being recognized for doing your job well ; for example , being complimented by your boss and receiving an award , the participation : being involved in your work ; having some responsibility for making decisions and the growth : having the opportunity for challenge in the job, such as the chance to learn skills and knowledge. (Kamin 2002 p.87). Manager not only should translate attitude and knowledge into action but also recognize that people have diverse motivations for asking to join a team (Nieto 2006 p.56).Therefore , manager should to be understand in how theories and models can be translated into useful practices (Currie and Procter 2003 p.14) in next step on training and practica l skill Motivation Factors Achievement The work itself Recognition Responsibility Growth Advancement Satisfaction No Satisfaction Hygiene Factors Supervision Company policy Relationship with supervisor Working conditions Salary Relationship with peers Status Security Dissatisfaction No dissatisfaction Figure 2.3: Motivation-Hygiene theory 2.2 Training 2.2.1 Definition of training Training has been defined as the planned activities on the part of an organization to increase job knowledge ,skills or to modify the attitudes and social behavior of the members in ways consistent with the goals of the organization and the requirements of the job (Robin 2003 p.1219)(Anderson and Neil 2001 p.280) Development has been defined as any attempt to improve managerial effectiveness through a planned and deliberate learning process . Methods of training needs / analysis needs. (Wilson 2005 p.149) Job analysis. Job description. Interview with the job holder. Interview with the manager / supervisor. Performance objective. Analysis of competencies. Reasons for training Poor performance and /or productivity. A change in working methods. Introduction of a new technology or equipment requiring new /different skills. Changed or new product range ,after sales etc; Replacement of employees who have been promoted or transferred, and training the employees who are all promoted and replaced. To improve workplace safety.(Ferris, et al 1995 p.154) 2.2.2 Training Methods 2.2.2.1 Attitude training An attitude training is an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s characteristic way of doing or responding to a object or a situation. It is based on the experience and leads to certain behavior or the expression of certain opinions. 2.2.2.2 Methods of attitude training On the job experience placing the trainee within a group whose attitudes are thought to be appropriate .This socialization process tends to produce the desired attitude in the trainee. On the job training :This may involve à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Shadowingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? or being attached to a senior employee who has the desired attitudes and personal qualities to influence the employee .(Bohlander 2001 p.235) On the job counseling à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s senior member of the organization with the desired qualities and attitudes is appointed as the mentor to the employee. Off the job training :A group of employees engage on case study activity intended to emphasize relevant and desirable attitudes. Off the job exercises : Role-playing exercises. 2.3 Customer service The small companies should emphasize on creating positive relationships with their customers. Customers with positive dealings with companies are likely to be loyal. There are three fundamental idea which lead to the focus on delivering an outstanding customer service. Firstly, the high level of customer service increases customer satisfaction. Secondly, customer satisfaction leads to customer loyalty. Thirdly, small companies have a possibility in delivering greater customer service than large companies. From those three fundamental idea , it can be concluded that by not concentrating on customer service may endanger the achievement of customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. (Longenecker 2005 p.289) In general , good customer service is to meet customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ expectations by giving the importance and value to them. Their experience in companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ service will decide that not only they want to continue doing the business with companies but also what will they give a word of mouth about companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ service. The good customer service is decided by customers who is given the service. As each customer has different needs and expectations. Therefore, companies need to designed service for individual customers. 2.3.1 Why customer service is important There are a research shows that when employees have a poor view of customer service , this will result in high turnover in companies. Therefore, to increase the quality of service could lead to increase employee retention and customer loyalty. Some people would like to do good work. They may lack skills and so they appear unmotivated, or they may be job-hopping because they have not found work environment that support their talents. By giving the support and training as well as service environment which focus on customer staffs could have tools they need to give customers what they want and deserve. (Kamin 2006 p.1) In addition ,training is important part to improve quality. Good staffs understand that training is crucial for being successful on the job and for future career opportunity. 2.3.2. The value of good service Service is important to customers as well as it is important for business development. The aim of companies by creating more value for customers is to retain customer to their companies. Everyone in companies should help to build value as well as their jobs aim at serving customers. When everyone understand their role in serving customers, there will be the results which are creating goodwill and increasing companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ reputation , decreasing in the case of poor quality , improving the chances of cross à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"selling and up à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" selling , gaining in the number of customer retention , reducing employee turnover , making more profit , establishing the goal and performance measure , having competitive advantages and being differences from competitors.(Zemke and Wood 1999 p.12) 2.3.3 How to provide good customer service Most customers have common expectations. They need companies to deliver an outstanding service , solve and realize their problems as well as make an apology if anything went wrong. To determine customer satisfaction companies need to meet their customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs. Moreover, there are some methods which could help to build customer satisfaction. Firstly , companies should give the attention to customers all the time. Secondly, companies have to listen to customers in the way of understanding what they really need.( Aguilar and Stokes 1995 p.3-7) 2.4. Customer Loyalty As the purpose of increasing profit by continually satisfying customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s need becomes more prevalent, the significance of meeting customers satisfaction and increasing their loyalty becomes more important in the competitive business (Disney 1999 p.491). As a result, business owner who want to be successful in the long term should encourage customers visits and make more sales. Good business owner have known and understood this situation well and devoted much of their consideration to ongoing and increasing sales through a variety of marketing activities. Business owner of subtle products should do the same for supporting competitive advantages( Disney 1999 p.491)(GrÃÆ' ¶nroos 1990 p.3). Moreover , since the need of focusing marketing attempt on maintaining existing customers grow to be the principle of marketers (GrÃÆ' ¶nroos 1990 p.3), the topic of customer loyalty, which aim to increase the regularity of a customers behavior and the possibility of cross-selling, has been received more consideration recently (Buttle and Burton 2002 p.217; Dick and Basu 1994 p.99). In this part, the customer loyalty, the different types of loyalty, characteristic of service and service loyalty and the benefits which companies may gain by increasing customer loyalty, plus the related factors which may affect customer loyalty, will be discussed. 2.4.1 The Origin and Meaning of Customer Loyalty The first approach is that loyalty is a surrogate of retention; in other words, a customer who keep on buying one product or service is a loyal customer. However, the second approach regards customer loyalty as a mental conception with an affective or attitudinal component, which could in fact reflect the essence of retention ( Buttle and Burton 2002 p.217;Ennew and Binks 1996 p.219). Loyalty is unlike repeat buying behavior; loyalty includes an attitudinal component which should firstly come to mind before repurchasing products or services (Buttle and Burton 2002 p.217; Dick and Basu 1994 p.99). Therefore , loyalty is a state of being faithful and honest to a particular product or service, and proving such faithfulness and honesty. On the other hand ,repeating purchase only represents frequent occurrence of the purchasing behavior which persists in a given period of time. The meaning of loyalty and repurchase have common characteristics because of the frequency of use increasing when there is a high level of loyalty (Liddy 2000 p.351). Consequently, frequent customer should not be regarded as loyal customer because frequent customer possibly purchases product or service from several different companies. Moreover, customers purchasing behavior could be changed by different situational factors. Buttle and Burton (2002 p.217) stated a characterization of loyalty from a companys head of customer relationship division: Its about having had experiences of things that you feel are important. Putting it in personal terms, you build loyalty to your friends through personal experiences youve shared. Customer loyalty really is like friendship (p. 218). This argument implied that although many customers may carry on to purchase with particular sellers, they could be unfaithful to the product or service sellers. Hence, by explaining the knowledge of customer loyalty, many attempts has been dedicated to classify the different types of customer loyalty. Moreover, to understand the differences between customer loyalty to goods and services as well as the typologies and the origins of customer loyalty, the benefits that businesses could obtain from increasing customer loyalty have been suggested by many authors. With the knowledge of both the characteristics of service loyalty and the promising benefits received from increasing customer loyalty as well as the importance of retaining existing customers could be obtained. 2.5 Customer Satisfaction Generally , most customers do not criticize about their dissatisfying experiences of product or service. However , they could change to another sellers ( Boshoff 1999 p.236). If the seller cannot offer what customer want, there are many other different sellers which provide similar products or services in the market. To sum up, sellers who want to attract or retain customers have to meet customers needs and satisfaction (Oliver 1998 p.14 ). Customer satisfaction has become increasingly to sellerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attention during the past decades. Nevertheless, customer satisfaction has been one of the most unquestionable theory of the modern management field (Oliver 1996 p.11-12 ). The idea of customers satisfaction have a clear, reasonable concept. Moreover, it is commonly understood that customer satisfaction could lead to customer loyalty as well as result in higher future profit(Oliver 1996 p.11-12). In many business industries, customer satisfaction has been used as the guiding principle for developing CRM strategies as well as organizing business activities. However, customer satisfaction should not be an objective by itself. Customer satisfaction should be employed as a method for developing the companys performance (Martensen et al. 2000 p.544-53). A number of empirical researches have revealed a relation between customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and the economic performance of a company while customer satisfaction has been evaluated in different ways, for example, stock market value, added market value and return on investment (Anderson et al. 1994 p.53-66 ; Eklof et al. 1999 p.514-22). On the other hand, the topic about the background of customer satisfaction, the relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty as well as customers post-purchase behavior are presently arguable. To understand the idea of satisfaction undoubtedly and realize the benefits of customer satisfaction, relation between customer satisfaction and related matter are the main significance in this study. 2.5.1 Definition of Satisfaction Customer satisfaction has developed into one of the main purposes for business since the 1990s. Johnson and Fornell (1991 p.267-86) termed satisfaction as a general assessment of customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s purchasing and consuming experience. In a few years later, Oliver (1996 p.11-12) provided the recognized definition of satisfaction, which he stated to be linkage with the theoretical and empirical evidence to date: Satisfaction is the consumers fulfillment response. It is a judgment that a product or service feature, or the product or service itself, provides (or is providing) a pleasurable level of consumption-relate fulfillment, including levels of under or over-fulfillment( p. 13). As a result of the importance of satisfaction, many businesses initiate to assign their job to evaluate how satisfied their customers are and to observe how satisfaction ratings affect customer retention and their profit (Bolton 1998 p.45-65). 2.5.2 Importance of Customer Satisfaction In 1990s, there was a prevalent knowledge that satisfaction ratings has been in fact a process to reach strategic purposes, for example, customer retention which is understood to have an effect on companies profits directly (Jones and Sasser 1995 p.88-101). To concentrate on increasing satisfaction is necessary since satisfied customers have more potential to come back the same shop or repurchase the same product or service (Reichheld 1996). Furthermore, customer satisfaction is regarded as condition for customer retention and loyalty, and apparently it is important to understand economic target such as market share, return on investment and profitability(Hackl and Westlund 2000 p.820-25).

CEO and Head of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors Essay

This memo is in response to your request concerning how to establish the appropriate tone. The purposes of this memo are, first, to explain the meaning and significance of evaluating control environment; second, to discuss the integrity and ethical values; third, to show the organizational structure; fourth, the importance of establishing commitment to competence; finally, to establish and segregate the division of responsibilities of finance and accounting department in order to establish the appropriate tone. Control Environment Control environment is the step engaged by a company to prevent fraud; both misappropriation of assets and fraudulent financial reporting. It has an equal role in assuring control over manufacturing and other processes. As a result of fraudulent financial reporting, the objective of accounting company is to study the causal factors that are associated with fraudulent reporting and to make recommendation to reduce its incidence. COSO emphasizes that internal control is a process to an end, and not an end in and of itself. The process is effected by individuals, not merely policy manuals, documents, and forms. By including the concept of reasonable assurance which recognizes that the cost of a company’s internal control should not exceed the benefits expected to be obtained. The control environment sets the tone of the company by influencing the control awareness of individual. It may be viewed as the foundation for the other components of internal control. The effectiveness of internal control depends on the integrity and ethical values of the personnel who are responsible for creating, administrating, and monitoring controls. Integrity and Ethical Values Integrity and ethical values are very importan... ...cide what skills are required to appropriately perform job responsibilities. Second, it must staff those jobs with individuals who have the needed skills. Trade-offs can be made in fulfilling these step, such as placing a less experience person in a demanding job and providing that person with extra supervision. Develop a matrix management in other to share authority. Delegate authorities in other to accomplish the organization’s goals, and make sure that people who are making decisions understand that they will be responsible. Works Cited Auditing & Assurances Services by Messier 9th edition 2 (COSO Internal control Framework, Executive Summary) 3 http://www.isaca.org/Journal/Past-Issues/2009/Volume-3/Pages/Tone-at-the-Top-Is-Vital1.aspx 4 http://www.coso.org/documents/990025P_Executive_Summary_final_may20_e.pdf 5 www.journalofaccountancy.com †º May 2004‎

Appearance vs. Reality in Twelfth Night Essay

Theme of Appearance vs Reality is pervasive throughout the play and its various facets are manifested through various thematic expressions. At the very start of the play, the most subtle aspect of Appreance vs Reality is presented in the form of Orsino’s conviction of love for Olivia. He becomes a victim to fictitious idealism as he has not seen Olivia and does not have a glance in three months (the course of the play). Shakespeare depicts Orsino as a sentimental lover who suffers from the ‘sweet pangs’ (II.4.16) of love and ecstasy that have no real existence. Instead of locating the reality of his passion and to find a remedy, he again goes for a solution that is deceptive. In the first two scene of the first Act, he yearns for music to cure his sentimentality. Undoubtedly Orsino has reverted himself into the realm of illusory world by the caprices of his imagination. Shakespeare has juxtaposed the Duke’s unadulterated distress for Cesario’s ‘sister’ with Orsino’s fictitious idealism. He implies that behind all the fake sentimentalities of affectation there is a genuine individual who has genuine concerns. But revelation of another deception i.e. unearthing that Cesario is a woman, helps him to cast away his own belief in appearance and he acknowledges the speciousness of his apparent made-up fondness for Olivia. Orsino does not fell a prey to appearance (instead of reality) due to any inherent flaw in his personality or his psychological complexities but it is a result of his lack of suffiecient experience in the real world especially in the amorous affairs. Same is the case with Olivia whi looks for apprence instead of locating the reality o his passions for Orsino. But Shakespeare juxtaposes them with certain other minor characters like Molvolio who do not acknowledge the reality and never cast away their belief in appearance till the end of the play whereas Orsine and Olivia learns that appearance is always deceptive and becomes realist at the end of the play..

Earth Day

1 EARTH DAY SKIT: â€Å"How Earth Day Began† This skit can be performed at an Earth Day assembly for an entire school or a single class Scene 1: At Home A student returns home from school. While eating dinner, she discusses her day with her parents. The end of April is approaching and her school [insert your school name] is preparing for its Earth Week festivities. Teachers and students have been talking about the week’s event and she can’t wait – excitement is in the air! She tells her parents that Earth Week events begin tomorrow and that she will participate in a day of tree planting; bring a litterless lunch, and even wear something green! After helping her parents clean up after dinner, she heads off to bed. As she falls asleep she thinks of all that she has learned about Earth Day so far. Student: Hi Dad! Dad: You’re home a bit later than usual, how was your day? Student: Oh Dad, today was sooo exciting. Mrs. Ali taught us all about the history of Earth Day and she spoke about all the fun activities that we’re going to do for Earth Day. Dad: Really? Student: Yep! Our school is planning to have a week of festivities to celebrate how much we care about our earth. I’m so excited I can hardly wait! Dad: Let’s sit down and have some dinner. Your Mom and I prepared your favourite dish! Copyright © Reproduction permitted only with written permission of Earth Day Canada. All Rights Reserved. 2 Mom: And while we eat you can tell us all about the activities. They sit around the dinner table. Mom: So, what’s the plan for tomorrow? Are you going around the community and picking up garbage? Student: Nope, that’s Friday, along with an assembly and guest speaker. Tomorrow we are planting trees, bringing in litterless lunches and wearing green. Does anyone know wear my green overalls are? Dad: We’ll have a look for them; we’ll make sure that you are as ‘green’ as can be. Student: I’m so eager to plant trees; I’ve never done that before. This is my first Earth Day celebration†¦all my friends are so thrilled. The class that plants the most trees wins a prize, we’re going to win for sure! Mom: I bet you will, now help us clean up the dinner table and off to bed you go! Student: (pleadingly) Do I have to? Mom: Yes, dear. They clean up the table. Student: (She heads to her bed, already laid out in the middle of the stage) Good night! Parents (in unison): Copyright © Reproduction permitted only with written permission of Earth Day Canada. All Rights Reserved. 3 Sweet dreams! Parents exit. Narrator: As she falls asleep, she thinks only of tomorrow’s festivities. Curtains Close Scene 2: Her Dream_______________________________________________ The purpose of this scene is to provide students with a background of the history of Earth Day, to make them aware of the environmental degradation occurring then and now, and finally, ways in which students can act to help make our Earth healthier. Wisconsin Governor Gaylord Nelson (speaking to the history of Earth Day) will be in the middle of the stage, surrounded by the three groups (each representing a type of environmental degradation). Each group will be on stage at the same time as the governor. He will stand behind a podium discussing the creation/development/successes of Earth Day. As the governor speaks about each type of environmental degradation, the corresponding group will act out their part accordingly. Curtains Open Narrator: It’s 2005 and Wisconsin Governor Gaylord Nelson is making a speech about Earth Day. Governor: (in 1970s attire) Good afternoon and thank you for attending today’s event. How many of you are aware of the history of Earth Day? Pause] Well, here’s a bit of history that you might be interested in. In 1963, I began to worry about our planet, it was becoming more and more degraded, pollution was evident and plants and other species were disappearing. I began to talk with lawmakers in the US and to the president at the time, President Kennedy, about going around the country and telling people about these environmental concerns. However, while he did go around the countr y speaking of these concerns, this did not get the attention of enough of the country and Copyright © Reproduction permitted only with written permission of Earth Day Canada. All Rights Reserved. 4 environmental degradation continued. I worried that the affects would be detrimental to the health of our environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Pause†¦first group proceeds with their segment First Group: Air pollution group Without speaking, this group (wearing white and symbolizing air) will stand together in a group of 5 or more while 2 other students dressed in red will burst through the ‘wall’ of white representing holes in the ozone. The red will represent chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform (option: have students in red hold or paste a sign on themselves that reads: †CFCs†). Move to second group Second Group: Deforestation group Without speaking, this group of 5 (wearing green) will have their hands in the air, standing tall and swaying (resembling trees). After a few seconds most will eventually fall to the ground representing trees being cut down and the spoiling of natural wilderness. Move to third group Third Group: Water group Without speaking, this group of 5 (wearing blue) will all lay on the ground symbolizing a river, watershed. Pollution (those wearing brown) will come up from behind and will lie down beside them representing pollutants entering the water stream and remaining there for long periods of time. Back to the Governor’s speech Governor: In 1969, I was still very concerned so I came up with another idea. I decided to have one special day to teach everyone about all the things that had to change in our environment to make it healthier. That day was EARTH DAY. The first Earth Day was held on April 22, 1970, with the help of Harvard University Student Denis Hayes and it was a major success. Since then, Earth Day celebrations have spread all over the country, and especially in Canada. Today, more than 6 million Canadians join 500 million people in over 180 countries in staging events and projects to address local environmental issues. Nearly every Copyright © Reproduction permitted only with written permission of Earth Day Canada. All Rights Reserved. school child in Canada takes part in an Earth Day activity. [pause] So, you want to know how to make every day Earth Day? Make a promise to the Earth to stop environmental degradation by: Spreading the message to your family and friends that idling their vehicles causes air pollution. Try taking public transportation! First group (Air pollution group) walks of the stage†¦. You can adopt a â€Å"zero waste† frame of mind at school, home, in your everyday-liv es. All you have to do is remember the 3 R’s – reduce, reuse, recycle. Also, how about planting some trees? Second Group (Deforestation group) walks of the stage†¦ Also, let everyone know that dumping garbage, household cleaners, pesticides, or oil down a storm sewer drain is harmful to the watercourse. Paint a yellow fish on storm drains in your area to remind your community that what goes down the drains ends up in our water systems†¦ Third Group (Water) walks of the stage†¦ That’s not all you can do! I challenge you and your class to think of more ways to help our planet. It only takes a small group of people to make big changes in the world. I wish you all a wonderful Earth Day! Curtains Close Scene 3: Back in students room ____________________________________ Mum: Wake up, its time for school. How did you sleep? Student: I had a great sleep mom, I dreamt all about Earth Day. Thanks for getting my clothes ready, Dad! Copyright © Reproduction permitted only with written permission of Earth Day Canada. All Rights Reserved. 6 I have to run, I don’t want to be late for tree planting! All: Bye! Student exits off stage with her litterless lunch, dressed in green with a big smile on her face! THE END Copyright © Reproduction permitted only with written permission of Earth Day Canada. All Rights Reserved.

ACT Test Dates When’s a Good Time for You

Choose Your SAT / ACT Test Dates When’s a Good Time for You SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips "I have no idea what to expect" is not a sentence you want runningthrough your mind on your way to take theSAT or ACT. If you take control of your test prep and schedule, then you shouldn't have any surprises on test day. Besides studying, part of your preparation should bestrategically planning out your SAT/ACT test dates. Instead of closing your eyes and pointing randomly at a calendar, you canask yourself some key questions to figure out when the best SAT/ACT test dates are for you. The first question that every student should ask herself, of course, is, When are my college deadlines? When Are My Deadlines? Most, if not all, students taking the SAT/ACT are doing so are part of their applications to 4-year colleges.Knowing your deadlines is the first piece of important information for making your SAT test date choice and ACT test date choice. SAT/ACT scores might also be required for some scholarships, which also might affect your choice of test dates. Deadlines for College Most regular decision deadlines for college are around January 1st in your senior year. January 15 is another common deadline, and some colleges go even later, like into February and March. If you're applying early action or early decision, then your deadlines are probably sometime in November. It takes about 3 weeks to receive your SAT or ACT scores, so you want to make sure you leave at least this much time between your test dates and your first deadline. For peace of mind, though, you'd be much better off getting your test done and ready to go before the last possible date. Leaving it to the last minute gives you no protection if you have a fluke testing day or are disappointed with your scores. Plus there's the rare chance you could get unlucky and have your scores delayed or even canceled, and then you'd be out of time. The SAT is given 7 times throughout the year, in January, March, May, June, October, November, and December. The ACT is usually given 6 times, in February, April, June, September, October, and December. One way to consider your testing schedule is the "1/3 - 2/3 rule." Depending on when you're starting to prep and plan, you could take the SAT/ACT 1/3 of the time between your starting point and when your applications are due, and the second time at 2/3 between "now" and your deadlines. If you started in January of junior year, for example, you could take your first SAT/ACT in April or May and your next test in the fall, like in October. This "rule" assumes you're going to take the SAT/ACT twice, but a lot of students choose to take it three or more times. I'll delve into what a typical test-taking schedule looks like for students more below, but first let's discuss the other deadlines you might be meeting: scholarship deadlines. Can't relate to this at all, right? Deadlines for Scholarships Your SAT/ACT scores might also be an important consideration for winning scholarship money. Most score-based scholarships come directly from colleges, so your scholarship deadlines will generally match your college deadlines. If SAT/ACT-based scholarships are important for you, then you might want to get your scores earlier to help determine your college list. If you are able to achieve qualifying scores for guaranteed SAT/ACT scholarships, then you can make sure to apply to those schools that will award you money. Since application planning is a process that takes several months, you probably want to have your SAT/ACT scores by the end of junior year. That way you can plan accordingly, know which colleges you're applying to, and focus on the rest of your application. As I mentioned above, one potential problem with taking your tests last minute is that you'd run out of test dates if you aren't satisfied with your scores. Many students take the SAT/ACT more than once or twice to prep between tests and improve their scores. How many times you want to take the test is the next important questionto ask yourself when choosing test dates. How Many Times Do I Want to Take the SAT/ACT? There is absolutely nothing wrong with taking the SAT/ACT more than once to achieve your target scores. In fact, I'd highly recommend taking it at least twice, if not three or more times. Almost everyone improves when they retake the SAT/ACT. This "real test" experience can be especially valuable if you use it as a launching off point to determine your strengths and weaknesses and do targeted test prep that will help you pull up your scores the next time. If, like most students, you're taking your test more than once, then you want to make sure you leave yourself enough test dates and monthsin between each one to study. If you took the SAT in May and then again the next month in June, then you really wouldn't have time to improve very much. Instead, you want to leave several months in between test dates to prep effectively. Given this strategic approach to hitting your scores on the SAT/ACT, what does a typical test-taking schedule look like for most students? Typical Test-Taking Schedule A typical SAT/ACT schedule for the majority of students involves three opportunities to take the test. Hopefully this guide helps you realize that there are several considerations when making your SAT test date choice and ACT test date choice. Just because this schedule works for a lot of students, doesn't automaticallymean it's the best one for you. Typical Schedule Many students take their first SAT/ACT in the fall of junior year, after spending the summer studying. After receiving their initial scores and reflecting on the experience, students can take the next few months to reinforce their understanding and improve areas of weakness. Then they take the test again in the spring of junior year. At this point, you might have achieved your target scores and be satisfied with your results. If you want another chance to improve your scores, you still have several summer months to prep and then take your test again in the fall of senior year. At this point, you've reached your last opportunity to test and will be applying to college. There are pros and cons to this schedule. The pros include 3 opportunities to take the SAT/ACT Advanced skills and content knowledge that you've developed throughout high school. Over a year to prep and improve your scores between fall of junior year and fall of senior year. This schedule works really well for a lot of students, but there are also some cons to consider: Limited test dates. Once you reach fall of senior year, you don't have time to take the SAT/ACT for a fourth time. May overlap with busy times of year, like AP tests, college planning, and varsity sports in junior and senior year. May feel more pressure and stress on each test date, since you don't have extra time beyond these dates. If any of these cons resonate with you, perhaps because of your junior year activities or anxieties around testing, then you might consider pushing back this typical schedule and registering for the SAT/ACT even earlier than junior year. Juggling a lot junior year? Considertaking the SAT/ACT earlier. Earlier Schedule If you push this typical schedule back about half a year, then you could take your first SAT test in the spring of sophomore year and then have about three more opportunities to test. If you wanted five test dates, then you could take it in the fall of sophomore year. Depending on how much prep you put into the SAT/ACT, you could even be ready to take it freshman year. Technically, you can take the SAT as many times as you want and the ACT up to 12 times. Of course, this would be overkill, both a waste of time and money and a potential red flag to colleges. While taking the SAT/ACT up to 6 times is acceptable, you probably don't need more to leave yourself any more test dates than that. If you find yourself having to take it over and over to achieve your scores, that time and energy could probably be better spent on test prep. Besides taking the pressure off and leaving you with more test dates, pushing this typical schedule back to sophomore year is a good option if you're trying to build up your scores section by section, or "superscore" your test. I'll explain what exactly I mean by superscoring below. Superscoring the SAT/ACT For anyone not familiar with the term "superscoring," it refers to the policy that some colleges use when they consider your standardized test scores. If colleges superscore, they take your highest section scores across all the dates you took the test and use those for your final test scores. If you take the SAT/ACT more than once, then superscoring is your friend. If you know that your colleges will superscore your results, you can actually use this policy to your advantage. Rather than focusing on improving your scores in every section every time you take the test, you could focus intensively on bringing up your math score, for instance. Then you could take the test again and really focus in on Reading, or Writing, or ACT Science. Obviously you shouldn't completely neglect any sections, but this could be a way to achieve a really strong score section by section across numeroustest dates. Again, you would need to make sure your colleges superscore and don't look at all scores or your highest sitting.If you're using this approach, you would want to start taking the SAT/ACT in freshman or sophomore year to leave yourself enough test dates. Again, I wouldn't recommend taking either test more than 6 times. This superscoring approach to taking the SAT/ACT leads us to the next important considerationwhen choosing your test dates - how much test prep you're willing and able to devote to meeting your goals. Hard at work. How LongCan I Prepare Before My Test? Just as you don't want to neglect any sections of the SAT/ACT, you also don't want to treat any official test as a throwaway, even if it's just the first time you're taking it. At the very minimum, I would recommend putting in 10 hours of test prep before sitting for a real test. This will help you get familiar with the instructions and format, but won't help much beyond that for improving your scores. Your study schedule is a big factor in determining which test date you choose for your first SAT/ACT. So how long do you plan to study? How Much Time Can I Devote to Test Prep? To figure out your study schedule, you need to figure out how you can balance test prep with everything else you're doing in and out of school. I think the best way to make a schedule and stick to it is to write it down in a planner or calendar and create a routine. If you have free time on Mondays and Wednesdays from 5 to 8, then set that aside as your study time. Of coursethis can change if you get assigned a big project or essay, but beingconsistent about your test prep is the best way to ensure that you'll stick to your plan. Before taking your first SAT/ACT, I would also recommend taking a practice test. You can time yourself, score it, and see if you're performing near your target scores. If you're much lower than you think you can achieve and still have several available test dates, then you might want to hold off on taking the real test until you study some more. If you start early enough, then you can have more flexibility in your study schedule and which test dates you choose. Either way, it's a good idea to consider your test-taking schedule in conjunction with your test prep schedule. As academic tests, the SAT/ACT also line up with your classes in school, but when they line upmight differ from student to student. Before signing up for your test, you should consider how it coincideswith your current high school classes. How Does It Line Up With My Classes? In order to answer this question, you want to familiarize yourself with what's actually tested on the Reading, Writing, and Math section of the SAT and the Reading, English, Math, and Science section of the ACT. While the content on each test is not all that advanced, there are certain concepts that are helpful to have studied in school. Both tests cover geometry, for example, and the math section of the ACT even covers some trigonometry. If you're taking geometry freshman year, then your best SAT test dates might beearlier than junior or senior year, since by then you'll have moved onto more advanced math. Conversely, if you aren't studying geometry or trigonometry until junior year, then you might be better off sticking to the typical schedule mentioned above and taking the SAT/ACT for the first time junior year. Similarly, you might benefit from one or two more years in high school writing persuasive essays and developing your reading comprehension skills before taking the SAT/ACT. If you're strong in English, however, you might be well prepared to score highly before you're an upperclassman. Plus studying early could help you cultivate your existing skills and get a headstart on learning new knowledge. The best way to gauge your level is to tryofficial practice problems for the SAT and ACT and see how familiar you are with the material. If you're already studying the concepts you need in freshman or sophomore year, then you might strongly consider signing up for the test early and even getting it finished with before you're a junior or senior. Getting your scores all set and ready to send to colleges early may also be a relief if your schedule gets busy in th and 12th grade. Yikes. What Else Is On My Schedule? When choosing the best SAT test dates and ACT test dates, you might also think about what other activities and responsibilities you have coming up. Junior year might get busywith AP classes and finals. You might lead Student Council or an Amnesty International campaign. Maybe you're exhausted everyday fromvarsity football practice. If your life is looking hectic junior year, then you might want to get your SAT/ACT done earlier than junior year. Even if it seems easier to push off the tests and let Future You deal with them, you could do yourself a favor by prepping early, taking the tests, and then having more time as your schedule gets more and more packed. On the flip side, maybe you're busy with summer camps before freshman and sophomore year and have more time before th and 12th grade. In either case, you can really personalize your testing schedule to fit your own goals and find balance with your other activities and interests. These might sound like a lot of questions to answer before signing up for the SAT/ACT, but they are meant to help you take control of the process and maximize your ability to find balance and achieve strong scores for your college applications. Read on for a summary of the most significant factors in determining the best SAT/ACT test dates for you. Choosing Your SAT/ACT Test Dates As I mentioned above, the typical test-taking schedule for the SAT/ACT is to take it for the first time in the fall of junior year, again in the spring of junior year, and, if so desired, for the final time in the fall of senior year (as long as your college deadlines allow). Students who are prepping earlier might move this timeline ahead to leave themselves extra test dates or get their scores all set and ready to go early. The most important questions you should ask yourself when planning your test-taking schedule are the following: What are my deadlines for college and scholarships? How many times do I want to take the SAT/ACT? Am Itrying to improve my scores in all sections with each retake or using a "superscoring" strategy? How long do I plan to study? Besides these primary considerations, you might also consider your classes and other pursuits as factors. In this case, ask yourself How does the SAT or ACT line up with my high school classes? What else do I have in my schedule and how can I balance test prep with my other assignments and activities? By answering these questions, you can devisea test prep and test-taking schedule and have a strong rationale behind your choices. Take control of the college application process by having a strong sense of where you're starting out, where you want to go, and what you need to do in between to get there. By articulatingclear reasons and a strong sense of purpose, you can answer any questions you have about the SAT or ACT and achieve your goals. Confused pug answered all his SAT/ACT questions. What's Next? Find out which exact dates you want to choose with our Table of 2015-2016 SAT Test Dates, and then read our Full Review of Every Single 2015-2016 SAT Test Date here. For more test-specific advice on exactly when to take the SAT or ACT for the first time, check out our SAT guidehere and ACT guidehere. Do you still have questions about how to design the best study plan for the SAT/ACT? Check outour guidefor your study plan before junior year and study plan before senior year. As you study, you definitely want to use official SAT and ACT practice questions. You can download official practice test pdfs for the SAT here and the ACT here. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

William Henry III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

William Henry III - Essay Example In Plato's Allegory of the Cave, Socrates presented a caveman who only knows of darkness. He further presented another caveman who went out, saw the light, came back and considered blind in the darkness. And then he asked who is better off between the caveman who remained and the caveman who left and then blinded by the light. (350 B.C.) The caveman who left is better learned but the caveman who remained can better see. So, are they equal In my opinion, men are never equal. With regard to the cavemen, being in the cave at that point in time, I think the caveman who remained is superior compared to the caveman who left. For if you are bound and chained inside the cave with no chance of escaping, what use is your knowledge of light However, if eventually, the caveman who left was able to adjust his vision so he is no longer blind in the darkness, he is superior. For he no longer has a handicap and yet he knows something the other caveman does not. In Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics he said that every art, inquiry, action and pursuit is aimed at some good. And that certain activities produce different ends. Some might result to the end itself or master end, while some might result in a product leading to the end or subordinate end. (350 B.C.) For example, the end of Medical Arts is health. Thus the act of the doctor of prescribing medicine to the sick and the act of the nurse of taking care of the patient all leads to the master end: health. However, the act of an x-ray technician only leads to a subordinate end: the production of the x-ray result. This is because without analysis of the result and without a cure given, health is not attained. Hence we can say a doctor is superior that an x-ray technician. With respect to medical arts, they are not equal. And this even applies to the normal work setting. In the office there are maintenance people, there's the staff and there's management. All of which are not equal. We have discussed the 'master end' in a particular art. However, there are different kinds of art and sciences. But is there a master art that in which all the ends of all the art fall unto to, the most superior art According to Aristotle, it is politics. Politics uses all the sciences, like medicine and economics. Thru legislature ordains what sciences to be studied, who should learn it and to what extent. It determines what we ought to do and what we should avoid doing. (350 B.C.) Politics directs the state and thus directs all individual men. In the modern day setting, politics is represented by the government. We abide by the law that it legislate. We pay taxes. And we accept punishment from it. Even the richest and most powerful private company answers to the government. Indeed, the government is superior compared to all the other institutions. So far we have established that within a certain activity, art, science or institution, there is inequality between men. William A. Henry III was right. Some are smarter, more diligent, harder to replace and simply better. So is this necessarily anti-egalitarian Does

Government Intervention (Microeconomics) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Government Intervention (Microeconomics) - Essay Example Microeconomics, a division of economics deals with the decisions taken by individuals, firms and governments under constraints in order to maximize their goal. The individual or common man’s decision may be controlled by his income which is a constraint. Within his income limit he has to make his buying decisions to increase his happiness. A firm’s decision on its sales and selling price, hiring charges and production costs may be controlled by technology it uses and by the competition prevailing in the market, demand of the product etc. The decision taken should improve the total revenue of the firm. The Government’s decision will be based on the well-being of its people but is controlled by limited technology and resources it possesses. The government might impose tax, laws and quantity of production to protect the people. Thus, we can say that microeconomics, deals with various economic decisions taken by individuals, firms, Government, which affects the deman d and supply of goods and services, prices of commodities, quantity of output etc. Thus Microeconomics â€Å"looks at the smaller picture, and focuses more on basic theories of supply and demand and how individual businesses decide how much of some thing to produce and how much to charge for it† . Demand and Supply can be regarded as the basic principles of economics. Demand can be described as the want of people with the required ability to buy goods and services at a particular price. There prevails a variety of alternative prices for the goods at a particular time. Supply on the other hand is the amount of goods and services bid by sellers for sale at a particular time and at a particular price. The relationship between the demand and supply is the major force which controls the market economy. This force guides the market economy. In a free market or market economy, resources are allocated based on the demand of the product. The supply decisions are made